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Introduction Regarding the many advices, tips and teachings that he has expressed in Golestan anecdotes, Saadi states that "he has threaded the pearls of healing sermons, and amalgamated the bitter medicine of advice with the honey of elegance, that their [readers'] dejected nature would not be deprived of the fortune of acceptance." (Saadi, 1374) Being a teacher by nature, Saadi's goal is to build an ideal society and amend the flawed body of an undesirable society." Since he is an educator who is knowledgeable and mature, Saadi himself also advises humankind in many cases regarding ethics, which is meant to guide people. He is a bright and knowledgeable artist and a well-wishing reformer. He is fascinated with authentic human values and is a supporter of people as well as an unapologetic defender of everything related to their world." (Maboudi, 2015) Saadi tries to educate his audience as much as possible, in the simplest terms, so that as an individuals, by correcting their behavior and personality, they can be victorious in correcting the structure of the whole society. "Saadi's method of preaching and spreading the simple and necessary truth is not strengthening the soothing certainty arising from a simple and simplistic view; on the contrary, his work is more about enumerating different aspects and shades and even the contrasts of each complex point." Although Saadi is a traditional social reformer, in many cases, his understanding of the issues and problems of his society is modern. "Only by reading all his writings can one understand the relativity and complexity and difference of the truth he expresses. Saadi portrayed the relativity of truth in a narrative and epigrammatic texture which, on the surface, seems repetitive and simplistic in view. Saadi avoided preaching and considered preachers to be hypocrites; to hin preaching is re-telling of weak-founded certainties and unquestionable commandments. Saadi considered the proclaimers of such certainties to be deceitful and brainless. More importantly, he valued action as much as knowledge. Saadi was a capable sociologist as well. He was able to present a suitable picture of the ideal behavior for people in the society, resulting from the great influence he earned from his travels, experiences, and lessons of the past." 2. Methodology In this article, 14 anecdotes from Golestan Saadi dealing with the issue of "social dilemma", have been analyzed based on the analytical-descriptive method and with the sociological approach of individualists.. Discussion Golestan Saadi contains a total of 161 teachings, of which 146 are individual teachings (about 90 percent), and out of these 146, 14 are related to the issue of "social dilemma". The teachings of Golestan directly address the "individual" and this means that Saadi hoped for the reformation of the individual for the overall reform of the society; throughout his Golestan - except for a few cases - it is always this "individual" who is advised by him and expects the person to listen to his advice and apply it so that the reformation of each individual leads to the reformation of the society; however, during these completely individual teachings, an important issue can also be reached, and that is the issue of "social dilemma". The following list contains some of Golestan's individual teachings: advising to socialize with competent people; advising to be grateful for the moments of life; advising to speak properly; advising to think before speaking; advising to behave according to the situation; advising to understand the expediency and conditions before acting; advising not to judge based on appearance; advising to be grateful in times of peace and patience; advising to strive for awareness and escape from ignorance; advising to observe and be fair in the time of strength and power; advising to support subordinates; advising loyalty and patience against oppression; advising selfrestraint; advising punishment to the extent of fairness; advising to do righteous deeds and to be careful about the reward of deeds; advising to have self-esteem; advising contentment; advising to avoid suspicion; advising to respect personal space of others, etc. Conclusion Individualism is a very new and complex concept in today's society, in the sense that the choice of individual interest by each member of the society can become a collective benefit for the whole society. One of the individualistic tendencies is the issue of social dilemma. Social dilemma refers to a specific type of conflict between individual and collective profitability, in a way where the individual benefit is very impressive. Saadi, in Golestan, relies on the influence of individual teachings and reforming the individual in the direction of reforming the society. Among the 146 individual teachings of Golestan, 14 are related to the issue of social dilemma. In dealing with the issue of social dilemma, Saadi addresses three main groups of people in society: the ruling class, the financially or spiritually powerful, and the ordinary people of society. The teachings were categorized and analyzed according to the conten, the type of direct or indirect presentation, and Saadi's method of expression. In other words, Saadi has addressed the ruling class, the financially and spiritually powerful, and the ordinary people of the society, and expects them to act in the best interest of the community over social dilemmas in determining the overall destiny and benefit of the whole. Society should play its role well for a long-term collective benefit. As a traditional social reformer, Saadi has only had access to the power of words to reform people in the society, and by resorting to various methods and addressing various people, unknowingly has taken advantage of individualistic theories such as social dilemma, which is unprecedented for a traditional social reformer living several centuries ago and reflects another measure of the Sheikh's genius. It is very important that Saadi, as a traditional social reformer, had such a view of the influence of powerful people in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
