| Abstrakt: |
Cigarettes contain many toxic compounds, one of which is cadmium. The accumulation of cadmium can lead to kidney impairment. This study aimed to determine the level of cadmium and creatinine in the human urine and to examine the differences between cadmium and creatinine in smokers and non-smokers. A total of 40 males, categorized as smokers and non-smokers, were involved in this study. Respondents' characteristics were obtained, including age and smoking status. Urine samples were collected to determine urine cadmium and urine creatinine. Data analysis used the Mann-Whitney test to examine the difference between urine cadmium and urine creatinine for smokers and non-smokers. Of the 40 respondents, 24(60%) were smokers, and 16(40%) were non-smokers, with a mean of 28.78 years old. For the total smokers and non-smokers, mean urine creatinine is 179.19±99.46 mg/dL, and urine cadmium is 0.29±0.40 µg/L. The mean of urine cadmium was higher in smokers (0.54 µg/L) than non-smokers (0.41 µg/L), while the mean of urine creatinine was lower for smokers (153.33 mg/dL) than non-smokers (217.69 mg/dL). There was a significant difference in urine creatinine between smokers and non-smokers (p=0.036), while there was no for urine cadmium (p=0.804). The levels of urine creatinine and urine cadmium of all respondents were within the normal range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
