| Abstrakt: |
Fluoride ions are commonly found in minerals like mica, fluorapatite, muscovite, topaz, biotite, sellaite, cryolite, muscovite, and fluorspar. However, the presence of fluoride in groundwater has become a concern due to its contamination by wastewater from coal thermal power stations, aluminium smelters, electroplating-based industries, and glass and ceramic manufacturing facilities. While low fluoride consumption has some health benefits, excessive intake can lead to serious health issues such as crippling skeletal fluorosis, Alzheimer's syndrome, carcinogenic effects, infertility, and thyroid disorders. To address these chronic health impacts, there has been significant research to find out sustainable and highly efficient methods for fluoride removal. This review paper overviews various defluorination techniques, such as precipitation and coagulation, ion exchange, electrodialysis or reverse osmosis (RO), nano-filtration, adsorption, with their various advantages and drawbacks. The present review aims to provide insight knowledge of importance of fluoride, its toxicity issues and their available removal strategies and their limitations. This will help the researchers in developing cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and convenient techniques for defluorination in different matrices. The paper encourages scientists to work towards achieving reliable and eco-friendly defluorination methods for future application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
Full text from SpringerLink