| Abstrakt: |
Simple Summary: Climate change in the high latitudes may endanger cold-water fish that have adapted to the low water temperatures and long winters. Northern oligotrophic lakes, with their naturally sparse food basis for fish, may be especially vulnerable to climate change. However, many aspects of northern fish food ecology have received little attention. We evaluated the dietary habits, trophic positions, and food web interactions of the European vendace, which is regarded as one of the most vulnerable commercial fishes due to modern environmental changes. Using two analyses, fish stomach content and stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen), we tracked the flow of nutrients through the food web of an example lake (at the White Sea basin) and determined the vendace's main food sources. In spite of clear seasonal differences in the food preferences of vendace, we determined planktonic copepods to be its key energy (carbon) source. The vendace has also adapted to consume its own embryos during the winter, increasing its trophic position in the lake food web. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the vendace's feeding habits, its ability to adapt to low-trophic supplies, and the effects of environmental change. The seasonal feeding patterns of the cold-adapted fish, Coregonus albula, are poorly studied in high-latitude lakes but could provide insight for predicting the effects of global warming. We examined vendace's diet composition, traced the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from producers to consumers in the food web, and estimated vendace's trophic position in a subarctic lake (the White Sea basin). Results showed the vendace to be a typical euryphagous fish, but clear seasonal differences were found in the relative importance of plankton and benthos in the diet. The vendace consumed primarily benthic amphipods in the summer, planktonic cladocerans in the autumn, and copepods in the winter–spring (under ice); larvae of aquatic insects were the second-most important food items throughout the year. Because of the substantial proportion of fish embryos in its diet, the vendace had a trophic position similar to that of a predatory fish (perch). The Bayesian food source-mixing model revealed that the majority of vendace energy derives from planktonic copepods. The dominant Cyclops had the lowest carbon isotope values, suggesting a carbon-depleted diet typical for methanotrophic bacteria, as its probable food source was in a lake under ice. Understanding the feeding patterns of vendace provides information to better predict the potential biotic effects of environmental change on lake ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
