| Abstrakt: |
Simple Summary: The tiger beetle, Cicindelidia haemorrhagica (LeConte), occurs in the western USA and is associated with wet salt lakes. However, in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) it was observed in a thermal pool in 1891. We examined multiple thermal and non-thermal areas in YNP and discovered that C. haemorrhagica was exclusively associated with thermal springs, both alkaline (as high as pH 9.5) and acid (as low as pH 2.7) and at temperatures as high as 70 °C. Ultimately, we identified 17 locations with C. haemorrhagica populations. We estimated population sizes at multiple springs as greater than 500 individuals at each site. Additionally, we noted that beetles occurred both in the (hot) water of thermal springs and within 8 m of the spring. We observed the tiger beetle species, Cicindelidia haemorrhagica (LeConte), foraging in and reproducing near the thermal pools of Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Although this species was recorded in YNP more than 130 years ago, its distribution, ecology, and association with thermal features are unknown. Therefore, we examined the distribution and habitat characteristics of C. haemorrhagica and evaluated methods for studying its abundance. Given the extreme environments in which these beetles live, typical methods to estimate abundance are challenging. We used a series of presence/absence studies and observations to assess distribution and recorded temperature and pH measurements to determine habitat characteristics. We also conducted visual counts, light trapping, and mark/recapture experiments to assess abundance. The inability to capture C. haemorrhagica with lights led to a phototaxis experiment, which showed minimal attraction to light. Cicindelidia haemorrhagica was found throughout YNP, but it was exclusively associated with thermal springs. The thermal springs ranged from pH 2.7 to 9.0 with temperatures from 29.1 to 75.0 °C and had varying metal concentrations in soil and water. However, all thermal springs with C. haemorrhagica had barren soil with a gradual slope toward the thermal water. Specifically, habitats were thermal pools with gradual margins (a less than five-degree slope) and thermal (i.e., heated) soils for larval burrows by thermal springs or pools. Population sizes of C. haemorrhagica ranged between 500 and 1500 individuals based on visual counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
