| Abstrakt: |
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. In leukemia, there is an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells, which are produced in the bone marrow and accumulate in the blood, disrupting normal blood function. The abnormal white blood cells, called leukemic cells, are unable to perform their usual function of fighting infections and protecting the body from diseases, and instead, they crowd out healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, leading to anemia, infections, and bleeding. There are several types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). ALL and AML affect immature white blood cells that have not fully developed, while CLL and CML affect mature white blood cells that have developed more fully. ALL is more common in children, while AML is more common in adults. Leukemia can be acute or chronic, depending on how quickly the disease develops and progresses. In acute leukemia, the abnormal white blood cells multiply rapidly, and the disease progresses quickly, sometimes over a matter of weeks or months. Acute leukemia requires immediate treatment because the uncontrolled growth of leukemic cells can quickly lead to life-threatening complications. In chronic leukemia, the disease develops slowly, sometimes over many years, and the abnormal white blood cells accumulate gradually. Chronic leukemia may not cause symptoms for a long time, and it may be discovered incidentally during a routine blood test. Acute leukemia is identified by the rapid proliferation of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood. In contrast, chronic leukemia is identified by the accumulation of mature, abnormal white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow. The exact cause of leukemia is unknown, but several factors may increase the risk of developing the disease. These factors include exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, and viruses such as the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Genetic factors may also play a role in the development of leukemia, as some types of the disease are more common in families. The symptoms of leukemia can vary depending on the type of leukemia and the stage of the disease. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and frequent infections. Other symptoms may include bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, and easy bruising or bleeding. Diagnosis of leukemia usually involves a physical examination, blood tests, and a bone marrow biopsy. In a bone marrow biopsy, a small sample of bone marrow is removed and examined under a microscope for abnormal cells. Additional tests, such as imaging studies, may also be performed to determine the extent of the disease. Treatment for leukemia depends on the type of leukemia, the stage of the disease, and the age and overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, or targeted therapy. Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells, while radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. Stem cell transplantation involves replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor. Targeted therapy involves the use of drugs that target specific proteins or genes that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Acute leukemia is generally more difficult to treat than chronic leukemia, and the prognosis for advanced stages of the disease is generally poorer. However, advances in the treatment of leukemia have led to improved survival rates in recent years. In conclusion, leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells, which interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system. The exact cause of leukemia is unknown, but several factors may increase the risk of developing the disease. Treatment for leukemia depends on the type of leukemia, the stage of the disease, and the age and overall health of the patient. While leukemia can be a serious and life-threatening disease, advances in treatment have led to improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
