| Abstrakt: |
Insomnia is one of the most common clinical complaints, and it significantly lowers the quality of life. Since neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the physiological process of sleep-wakefulness and the pathological mechanism of insomnia, they are the primary targets for the development of hypnotic and sedative drugs. From the perspective of how they affect alertness and sleep, neurotransmitters can be divided into two categories: excitatory neurotransmitters including glutamate, norepinephrine, dopamine, orexin, histamine, acetylcholine, etc, and inhibitory neurotransmitters consisting of γ-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melatonin, adenosine, etc. Depending on the receptor and distribution, the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine is debatable. The brain mechanisms behind the sleep-weakness state were first described in this paper, followed by an explanation of each neurotransmitter's production, distribution, metabolism, and receptors using both animal studies and clinical practice as supporting evidence. The interaction of the aforementioned neurotransmitters can regulate the sleep-wakefulness state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
