| Abstrakt: |
The article analyzes the existing concepts in aesthetics and art history from the point of view of the science of culture that is emerging at the turn of the 20-21th centuries in Russia. This process of becoming a new science unfolds on the basis of the tradition of romanticism. The author proves that in the history of art, since the Renaissance, it is possible to identify the existence of two universal traditions. On the one hand, it is a tradition that later received the designation "modern", on the other, an alternative to it - the tradition of romanticism, which will also receive a designation later and will be known as "romanticism". The expert of ancient aesthetics Aleksei Losev found a presentiment of romanticism in late antiquity. Having appeared in the Renaissance, the modern tradition was finally formed in the age of Enlightenment. This tradition is characterized by the cult of reason, the cult of the future and the cult of the revolutionary development of society. It also cultivates a break with the past. But this gap turns out to be utopian and destructive for culture. An alternative tradition, expressed in romanticism, rehabilitates what modernity rejects. For example, the negative image of the middle Ages created by modernism in romanticism appears as a "Golden age", as evidenced by the art of the first half of the 19th century. Only thanks to the romantic tradition was it possible to reject the interpretation of medieval art as a "black hole" and give it a deep interpretation, which later will do, for example, Max Dvořák. The purpose of the article is to understand which of these traditions comes to the fore as a result of the transition processes in Russia in the last centuries of the 20th and the first decades of the 21st centuries. While stating the significance of modernism, a type of which was Marxism, on the basis of which the utopia of socialism was realized, the author still believes that since the "thaw" (mid 50s-60s) in Russia, the revival of the romantic tradition begins. This circumstance contributed to the revival and rise of Soviet art. But the fact of the revival of the romantic tradition at this time becomes even more significant. On the basis of this tradition, Russia is developing an original, non-positivist direction in the science of culture and, in particular, the transition from a culture of the sensuous type to a culture of the ideational type. This time, at the cultural level, the tradition of modernity and the tradition of romanticism will appear as a culture of sensuous and ideational type. This logic of changing types of culture is analyzed by the American sociologist and culturologist of Russian origin Pitirim Sorokin. One type of culture, namely, the culture of the sensuous type, must become a thing of the past. This is largely facilitated by postmodernism. As for alternative culture, its formation and functioning is turned to the future. According to the author, the tradition of romanticism will continue to be revived and contribute to the rise of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
