| Abstrakt: |
19th century is a period of enormous technological transformations, industrial revolution and scientific discoveries. Europe was modernising fast. Changes also occurred in social life: relationships, rules and aspirations of minority groups were changing. Emancipatory movements had started. Such a tumultuous and unpredictable world inspired longings for a simple life based on direct contact with nature, rules of which negated modernity. Lebensreforme also included desires for individuality, broadening the boundaries of personal freedom, building life free from urban standards. Spiritual fulfilment and self-development was sought in fashionable occultism, hypnosis and theosophy. In such moods, a charismatic propagator of a new path to fulfilment through spiritual initiation, a physicist, a Goethe lover, a pedagogue, a naturalist and an author of an aesthetic theory, Rudolf Steiner found a lot of followers. Especially good conditions for the development of his teachings were in Munich - a city of art, artistic and intellectual freedom. A lot of artists found themselves under influence of his teaching. One of the closest circles of his followers, some of whom participated in the creation of Goethaneum, were, for example: Jadwiga (Wiga) Siedlecka, Franciszek Siedlecki, Luna Drexler, Irma Duczyńska, Tadeusz Rychter, Stanisław Stuckgold, Maria Reutt, Elzbieta Dziubaniuk and Otolia Kraszewska and others. Not everyone, despite the fascination with the new spirituality, realised Steiner's ideological and aesthetic postulates in their work. Everyone, thanks to an international group of followers and acceptance of new functions of art, had a chance to raise above the limitations of Polish themes and dependencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
