| Abstrakt: |
The development of nanotechnology is becoming a major trend nowadays. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in fields including food, biomedicine, and cosmetics, endowing NPs more opportunities to enter the human body. It is well‐known that the gut microbiome plays a key role in human health, and the exposure of intestines to NPs is unavoidable. Accordingly, the toxicity of NPs has attracted more attention than before. This review mainly highlights recent advances in the evaluation of NPs' toxicity in the gastrointestinal system from the existing cell‐based experimental models, such as the original mono‐culture models, co‐culture models, three‐dimensional (3D) culture models, and the models established on microfluidic chips, to those in vivo experiments, such as mice models, Caenorhabditis elegans models, zebrafish models, human volunteers, as well as computer‐simulated toxicity models. Owing to these models, especially those more biomimetic models, the outcome of the toxicity of NPs acting in the gastrointestinal tract can get results closer to what happened inside the real human microenvironment. The toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) has raised concerns recently because the exposure of intestines to NPs is unavoidable. Therefore, in this review, the recent evaluation models of NPs' toxicity in the gastrointestinal system have been highlighted, from mono‐culture, co‐culture, three‐dimensional (3D) culture, and the models established on microfluidic chips in vitro, to mice, Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, and humans in vivo, as well as computer‐simulated toxicity models. In summary, the developments of these models facilitate the further applications of NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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