| Abstrakt: |
With over 40% annual growth at market sales and decrease at air pollution outcome, electric vehicles prove to be the evolution of transportation. However, expected range and lithium battery limitations, considerably affect their adoption by consumers. In this article, hybrid energy storage systems consisting of lithium batteries and ultracapacitors, are presented thoroughly. In the first part of this paper, a complete review of ultracapacitors technology is introduced followed by classification concerning: Electrolyte and electrode class used, leakage current limitations and modelling for each available ultracapacitor type. Additional information is provided on the hybrid energy storage system regarding: Topologies/ converter layouts, exploitation of energy recovery and reduction of sizing, costs and weight. Finally, the need for a proper energy management system/controller with constant state of charge and temperature calculation is drawn, ensuring reliability, performance with maximum efficiency and lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
