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Introduction Food and nutrition is one of the basic needs of human society and its provision lies in the comprehensive category and concept of food security. It is important to study the food security situation of countries in the present era because of its prominent role in the flourishing of human capital. Food security has an undeniable impact on the physical, social and psychological wellbeing of society, and this has led to the issue of food security going beyond the literal concept of "food security". On the other hand, international trade, as one of the effective mechanisms in ensuring food security of countries, plays a decisive and key role. International trade links food production and consumption with trade Openness and thus plays an important and effective role. Trade Openness minimizes restrictions on food imports and exports and motivates food-producing countries. Among all the rights given to individual's community in the basic household needs, food security is one of the most important individual needs that governments are responsible for providing and has a broad and complex concept that is determined by the interaction of a set of biological, economic and social factors. The importance of food security is such that the eradication of poverty and hunger has been considered as one of the development goals in the third millennium. The World Bank has also identified food security as one of the important indicators of development and equated it with per capita income, equitable income distribution, employment rate, environmental protection and respect for human rights. Research Method This research is a descriptive analytical research for which preliminary studies were conducted in the form of a library with an Internet search in connection with the research literature and from various sources. An unbalanced Panel data econometric model was used to conduct the research. In the steps of applying the unbalanced panel model, tests appropriate to the information and data collected were used. To examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables of the co-integration test, F-Leimer test to determine group effects, Hausmann test to determine the fixed and random effects, to examine the correlation between variables, Waldrich test and for variance heterogeneity, Bruch -Pagan test was used. In this study, food security was considered as a dependent variable and the effect of trade openness, unemployment rate, oil income, value added of agricultural sector, rural population as explanatory variables of the model on this variable were examined. The scope of the study is selected OPEC countries (Angola, Algeria, Iran, UAE, Ecuador, Kuwait, Iraq, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela). The statistics used are extracted and analyzed from the time series of international statistics published in FAO and World Bank. Eviews10 software was used to estimate the model, analyze the data, estimate, test and test the hypotheses. Discussion First, the significance of the variables was evaluated using Shin and Pesaran test and ADF-Fisher. The variables of oil income, rural population and value added remained with one difference and the variables of food security and degree of trade liberalization and unemployment rate remained with two differences. The accumulation test also confirmed the accumulation of variables. Limer F test showed that group effects should be considered in estimating the pattern. Hausman test was used to determine the fixed and random effects in estimating the model. Due to the level of probability, the null hypothesis based on the use of random effects was rejected; As a result, fixed effects were used. Valderich test was also used to examine the correlation between variables. The results of Valderich test confirmed the lack of autocorrelation between variables and for the variance heterogeneity test, Bruch-Pagan test was used, which confirmed the variance homogeneity of the data. Finally, the model estimation was tested using the fixed effects model. Conclusion In this study, the effect of trade openness, value added of agricultural sector, oil revenue, rural population and unemployment on food security in selected OPEC countries was investigated. The results of this study during the study period show a positive and significant relationship between the degree of trade openness, agricultural value added, oil revenue and rural assistance to food security. While it shows a negative and significant relationship between unemployment and food security. Based on the findings of the model estimates and tests, it is observed that the estimated model has a relatively high fit. The results also show that the modified R2 statistic shows that 93.7% of the dependent variable changes are explained by the independent variables of the research. The value of Watson camera (DW) which is equal to 1.675 can also confirm the lack of autocorrelation in the model. The findings of the research can be used as a basis for policy development in food security planning for the countries studied. What can be considered by managers and policy makers in the country's food security policies is the importance and impact of value added in the agricultural sector and trade openness on food security. The agricultural sector can be given priority due to its relative and absolute advantage. Despite the climatic limitations and the area under cultivation, as well as having a dry climate and water shortage, the development of the agricultural sector through the use of new technologies and increase productivity and efficiency and most importantly the development of conversion industries in this sector can increase the coefficient Achieved food security. Regarding the factor of trade openness, what seems important is the organization and reform of the traditional structure of exports and imports, which has a problem called Rent, so that the Rents in this sector have taken the opportunity of any structural development. Overall, the openness of international trade is a key element in policy-making to increase food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
