| Abstrakt: |
The vast, ongoing developments both in global economy and technology have been fueling a great catalyst in the spiking demand for air transportation. Meanwhile, safety concept yet continues to evolve in order to prevent any possible human error by pilots and by those whom pilots cooperate while heavier air traffic is faced, and more complex technology is applied. As the progress and contribution to aviation of behavioral sciences is noted, the human factor observably has been put forward since 1960s. Therefore, resulting in the formation of Crew Resource Management (CRM). For the time being, CRM is considered on the basis of technical and non-technical skills of pilots and accordingly the literature has evolved towards preventing human error in respect to physical, cognitive and psychologic limitations of mankind while many relevant error models can be found in the real world. Since 1990s, while interrogating the reasons behind the accidents, focus has been moved to organizational deficiencies. One may see that it is when the safety performance comes on the scene where everyone knows that human error is inevitable though continuous and integrated efforts are compulsory. Namely, it is "next-generation safety approach". Adopting to this approach, ICAO updates the safety regulations and dictates a systematic safety consideration and integrated efforts at organizational, national and international levels in order to correct the deficiencies. Under current conditions, aiming to adopt and achieve CRM that is related to the next-generation safety approach, pilots and cabin crew receive periodic trainings. During these trainings, as the factors affecting the work performance of the participants either individually or as a team member is agreed better, the importance of non-technical skills as much as the technical skills and the conditions of the communications are well understood. In order to increase the contribution of CRM trainings to flight safety, this paper aims to propose a CRM training model which is based on the real world deficiencies as well as solutions and recommendations obtained from the CRM experts. In this respect, the research brings out the problems in the contribution of CRM trainings to flight safety during the real-world trainings and proposes recommendations both for correcting these problems and improving these trainings. Consequently, data collected from 41 cockpit crew and cabin crew with a survey consisting of openended questions, the problematic areas and the requirements for the development were brought into view in achieving the goal of CRM trainings. Thereafter, data collected with semi-structured interviews from 6 CRM trainers of both universities along with the airline companies were analyzed with content analysis. Thereby, the necessities for diminishing the current problems and achievement of the goals and a continuous improvement of trainings were revealed. Following this, a focus group discussion meeting with 4 experienced CRM manager and trainers was held. The recommendations produced for the enhancement of CRM trainings with this research were assessed in this meeting taking the real-world conditions in airline companies and a set of applicable recommendations were produced then. The findings in this paper show that the training managers and the trainers are trying to find variety of solutions to current problems by themselves where they can only diminish but can never vanish. The data collected and analyzed with this research has enabled researchers embody and present a set of alternative recommendations for them. And thus, the deficiencies in CRM trainings were revealed, the requirement for a better feed-back system was adressed, the necessity of new teaching technics and materials were exposed, and finally a modelling of new applicable teaching techniques together with the necessary communications environment in CRM trainings was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
