| Zdroj: |
Literature & Culture: Process, Interaction, Problems / Literatūra un Kultūra: Process, Mijiedarbība, Problēmas; 2020, Vol. 20, p129-142, 14p |
| Abstrakt: |
The paper shows the origins of the transformation of history into biohistory as well as politics into biopolitics in the writings of Milosz. It takes into account his view of history when he was a child and his social experiences when he was at school. It proves that the fact that Milosz comprehends the world within the categories of biopolitics results from projecting Darwinism on the historical past, and. then projecting on the present World. War II and the future of modern world. Among the reasons for this association there are Milosz's interests in natural science (Darwinism, genetics) and astrophysics. The loss of the Linnaeus' view of nature was pictured, as a tragedy of the banishment from Eden of childhood, into the area of binary law: natūra devorans et natūra devorata. Transferring them into the world, of history and. culture has been explained by the influence of Arthur Schopenhauer's philosophy. The discovery of biohistory and biopolitics was indicated as a foundation for radical opposition of the Poet against the degradation of human dignity and. the subjectivity. The basic form of expressing the defiance - shown in this paper - is the animalization of the world, pictured by the Nobel Prize winner in his poetry and prose. The poetics of Milosz is discussed, as biopoetics. In the view of the pictured, struggles homo biopoliticus is degraded, to insects such as wasps, cicadas, and. ants. The atrocities of extermination in the poetry of Milosz are discussed as the incarnation of the murderous spirit of earth into the spirit of history. The paper shows the 19th century roots of European biopolitics in the analyses of Milosz. It depicts the works of European literature and philosophy as evidence for the awareness of internalized. Darwinism. The naturalistic monism approved by masses is treated, as a foundation for the totalitarianism of the race. It indicates two sides of this process: the naturalization of human awareness, a man has accepted, his animal origin in the evolution chain as well as the affirmation of Darwin's laws of the world, of nature and. their transfer into the human history. Those factors caused the man's move away from religion, and., at the same time, a thirst for a new belief which was quenched, by the ideologies of struggling for existence - the doctrines of racial or class superiority which legitimize totalitarian states, enable them to conquer new territories, and. turn them into institutions ensuring space for living. It has been emphasized, that Milosz was convinced, that the European totalitarianisms - including the cult of tyrants - have been born in modern minds and have resulted, from the spread of the monistic counterculture. The paper presents the process of discovering by Milosz the impact of Darwinism, in practice not only of communism but also of legitimized Marxism. The poet notices the impact in the argumentation against religion which was considered to be the opium of the masses. He sees it in the doctrine of class struggle which turns the Darwin's struggle for existence into genocide. He exposes communism as a totalitarianism which has used, the Promethean phraseology in order to conceal the urging motivation of ideologists in the battle for taking over power and. ruling over the enslaved. Promethean propaganda and. terrorizing the masses of subjects. The author of the paper displays the opposition of Milosz against the Romantic providentialism. He demonstrates that, the poet's view on history as biohistory and. politics as biopolitics is the consequence of the synthesis of Darwinism and. his war experiences. Over the years of World. War II as a result of the synthesis of historical horror with Darwinism and Hegelianism the terms of biohistory and. biopolitics were deepened, in biohistoriosophy. The author proves that within the analyses of the 20th century totalitarianisms there is biopolitics regarded in such a way. The discussions of its applications take into consideration the poems, essays and letters of the Nobel Prize winner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
