| Abstrakt: |
The use of soil as one of the oldest materials in construction has been known in virtually all periods of history. These are constructions in combination with other materials, but also constructions based on the soil itself: constructions in sun-dried bricks, rammed earth constructions, wattle and daub walls, where wood constitutes the support and clay has the function of filling and insulation, log or wooden plate constructions leathered (plastered) with clay, and also in masonry constructions as bonding mortar in combination with stone. It can also be used for plastering. The use of soil in historic and vernacular architecture is well known, but the archaeologized remains of this architecture - without the previous effect of the fire - are relatively difficult to interpret. Based on the observation of objects preserved to this day and the process of archaeologization of some of them in comparison with the archaeological record, it seems possible in several cases to interpret and distinguish even unburnt earthen building structures in the archaeological record. Although only a few observations are the foundation for this claim, it appears that the relics of earthen building structures can be divided into two groups based on the composition of the clay dough. An earthen destruction containing coarse-grained gravel may very well be a relic of a rammed earth construction, an adobe wall or a rough plaster of a leathered wood house. The finer-grained dough will most likely be a relic of a wattle and daub construction, a clay mortar in the so-called stone masonry on clay, or a thin-walled mud and straw plaster. In order to confirm or specify this phenomenon precisely, it would be useful to create a larger database with characteristics of all types of earthen structures in a wider geographical area. In combination with other observations such as negative imprints of wooden components, it may then be possible, on the basis of macroscopic observations, to reduce the range of possible construction forms for a particular find in an archaeological context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
