| Abstrakt: |
Acoustic signaling is a form of information transmission that in many animal species may be behaviorally learnt and transmitted between individuals, creating flows of cultural traits (i.e. memes) across the landscape. The biogeography of memetic traits can have major implications for avian population evolution, ecology and conservation. We characterize the α (i.e. within population), β (i.e. among populations) and γ (i.e. total) acoustic diversity (i.e. number of memes) for four species of Hawaiian forest birds within a fragmented landscape. We study the effects of species characteristics (mobility and population size), and landscape variables (isolation and patch size) on patterns of meme diversity. We expect an increase in meme α-diversity with patch and population size, and a decrease with patch isolation. We also expect β meme diversity to increase with patch isolation, and this relationship to be stronger for the less mobile species. We used spectrogram analyses and automatic sound recorders to characterize the acoustic diversity. We studied the overall meme structure and the factors affecting meme diversity with network analysis and a modeling approach. As predicted, large patches had richer α-diversities for all species, while the effect of isolation was species-dependent. Patches with larger populations showed greater α -diversities for two species. β -diversity only increased with distance for one highly mobile species. The structure of the acoustic traits was nested (i.e. memes in patches with lower meme diversities are a subset of the memes in patches with higher meme diversities) for all the species. Moreover, the meme structure for the 'Apapane Himatione sanguinea suggested the existence of acoustic 'dialects'. Meme diversity depended on both landscape variables (patch size and isolation), and some species characteristics (population size). The results of this study improve our understanding of the transmission of information by animals in fragmented landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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