Calculating the metabolizable energy of macronutrients: a critical review of Atwater's results.
| Autor: | Sánchez-Peña, M. Judith, Márquez-Sandoval, Fabiola, Ramírez-Anguiano, Ana C., Velasco-Ramírez, Sandra F., Macedo-Ojeda, Gabriela, González-Ortiz, Luis J. |
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| Předmět: |
PREVENTION of obesity
NITROGEN metabolism BIOAVAILABILITY PHYSICAL & theoretical chemistry DIET DIETETICS research ENERGY metabolism EXPERIMENTAL design FECES CARBOHYDRATE content of food FAT content of food INTESTINAL absorption MATHEMATICS RESEARCH methodology METABOLISM NITROGEN NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL requirements PROTEINS DIETARY proteins PUBLIC health RESEARCH evaluation TIME URINE HUMAN research subjects PHYSICAL activity |
| Zdroj: | Nutrition Reviews; Jan2017, Vol. 75 Issue 1, p37-48, 12p |
| Abstrakt: | The current values for metabolizable energy of macronutrients were proposed in 1910. Since then, however, efforts to revise these values have been practically absent, creating a crucial need to carry out a critical analysis of the experimental methodology and results that form the basis of these values. Presented here is an exhaustive analysis of Atwater's work on this topic, showing evidence of considerable weaknesses that compromise the validity of his results. These weaknesses include the following: (1) the doubtful representativeness of Atwater's subjects, their activity patterns, and their diets; (2) the extremely short duration of the experiments; (3) the uncertainty about which fecal and urinary excretions contain the residues of each ingested food; (4) the uncertainty about whether or not the required nitrogen balance in individuals was reached during experiments; (5) the numerous experiments carried out without valid preliminary experiments; (6) the imprecision affecting Atwater's experimental measurements; and (7) the numerous assumptions and approximations, along with the lack of information, characterizing Atwater's studies. This review presents specific guidelines for establishing new experimental procedures to estimate more precise and/or more accurate values for the metabolizable energy of macronutrients. The importance of estimating these values in light of their possible dependence on certain nutritional parameters and/or physical activity patterns of individuals is emphasized. The use of more precise values would allow better management of the current overweight and obesity epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Databáze: | Complementary Index |
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