Water source, latrine type, and rainfall are associated with detection of non-optimal and enteric bacteria in the vaginal microbiome: a prospective observational cohort study nested within a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Autor: Czapar AE; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, USA., Paul S; Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, USA., Zulaika G; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK., Otieno F; Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, Kisumu, Kenya., Agingu W; Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, Kisumu, Kenya., Chaudhary A; Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, USA., Bhaumik R; Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, USA., van Eijk AM; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK., Green SJ; Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, USA.; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, USA., Nyothach E; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya., Phillips-Howard PA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK., Mehta SD; Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, USA. Supriyad@uic.edu.; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, USA. Supriyad@uic.edu.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: BMC infectious diseases [BMC Infect Dis] 2024 Dec 18; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 1419. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Dec 18.
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-10313-3
Abstrakt: Background: Less than one-third of sub-Saharan Africans have access to improved water sources. In US, Indian, and African studies, Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is increased among women with poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). We examined water source, sanitation (latrine type), and rainfall in relation to the vaginal microbiome (VMB).
Methods: In a cluster randomized controlled trial of menstrual cups and cash transfer, we measured the impact of cups on VMB via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in a subset of 436 adolescent girls. We analyzed how self-reported water source and latrine type at home related to VMB over 18-months, examining community state type I (CST-I, L. crispatus dominant) vs. other CST; alpha diversity; targeted taxa (coliform and other water-related pathogens); and non-targeted taxa via machine learning approaches. Mixed effects multivariable longitudinal models were adjusted for intervention arm, age, socioeconomic status, sexual activity, and cluster-level school WASH and rainfall (in millimeters).
Results: Adjusting for all covariates in all models: (1) the odds of CST-I were increased among participants with piped water (vs. pond), and decreased with traditional pit latrine vs. flush toilet. (2) Alpha diversity varied by water source and latrine type without consistent trends. (3) Coliform bacteria relative abundance (RA) was higher among participants with traditional pit or ventilated improved pit latrines vs. flush toilet, and higher among participants relying on stream vs. pond water. Streptococcus agalactiae RA was higher among participants with non-flush toilets, while Bacteroides fragilis RA was lower with non-flush toilets. (4) Key taxa from non-targeted analyses associated with water source and latrine type included typical vaginal bacteria, opportunistic pathogens, and urinary tract pathobionts. (6) Increased rainfall was associated with decreased odds of CST-I.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03051789, February 14, 2017.
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethics committees approved this study by the following names of the Institutional Review Boards (reference number): Kenya Medical Research Institutes (KEMRI, SERU #3215), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM, #15-005), and University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC, #2017-1301). Written informed parental consent and written informed assent from minors was obtained for all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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