Lactational exposure of human infants to metal(loid)s in Sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Autor:	Onyena AP; Department of Environmental Management and Pollution, Faculty of Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria., Bede-Ojimadu O; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University, Uganda., Abaate TJ; Department of Public Health/Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Alakahia, Rivers State, Nigeria., Amachree D; Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environment, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State P.M.B. 5080, Nigeria., Frazzoli C; Department for Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy., Folorunso OM; African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, Port Harcourt 5323, Rivers State, Nigeria., Bocca B; Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy., Orisakwe OE; African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, Port Harcourt 5323, Rivers State, Nigeria.; Advanced Research Centre, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus TR-10 Mersin, Turkey.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Current research in toxicology [Curr Res Toxicol] 2024 Nov 13; Vol. 7, pp. 100201. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Nov 13 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100201
Abstrakt:	Breast milk, a fundamental component of infant nutrition, may serve as a reservoir for various metal(loid)s, which could pose significant health risks to infants of mothers exposed to toxic metals. Human exposure levels to metal(loid)s vary across regions, influenced by differences in diet, lifestyle, and environmental factors. This systematic review compares metal(loid) concentrations in breast milk from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Mediterranean Europe (Med. Europe), identifying key determinants of exposure. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for articles reporting metal concentrations in human breast milk samples from SSA and Med. Europe. Weighted mean concentrations were estimated and compared between the two regions. Twenty-five studies from SSA and seventeen from Med. Europe were included in the review. Mean concentrations of cadmium (12.38 ± 1.21 µg/L vs 0.22 ± 0.51 µg/L; p < 0.0001), lead (14.96 ± 8.10 µg/L vs 1.16 ± 4.00 µg/L; p < 0.0001), and mercury (2.01 ± 1.37 µg/L vs 0.95 ± 4.32 µg/L; p = 0.008) were higher in breast milk samples from SSA than Med. Europe. Conversely, breast milk samples from SSA had lower concentrations of selenium (7.38 ± 2.67 µg/L vs 13.09 ± 16.89 µg/L; p < 0.0001) and iron (138.78 ± 106.33 µg/L vs 371.97 ± 446.74 µg/L; p < 0.0001) than those from Med. Europe. Key determinants of metal(loid)s levels in breast milk included maternal smoking, dietary patterns, and environmental exposure. There is an urgent need for effective interventions and policies to reduce metals exposure, particularly in SSA, to safeguard maternal and infant health. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. (© 2024 The Author(s).)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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