Small volume solid phase extraction method for comprehensive analysis of neonicotinoids, their metabolites, and related pesticides in water.

Autor: Xi W; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa City, IA, USA. Electronic address: wenjing-xi@uiowa.edu., Onysio S; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa City, IA, USA., Kacer J; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa City, IA, USA., Nagorzanski M; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa City, IA, USA., Shin H; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa City, IA, USA., Cwiertny DM; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa City, IA, USA; University of Iowa, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Iowa City, IA, USA; University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, IA, USA., Thompson DA; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa City, IA, USA; University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: The Science of the total environment [Sci Total Environ] 2024 Dec 20; Vol. 957, pp. 177830. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Dec 03.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177830
Abstrakt: Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) such as clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam are used worldwide. The occurrence of their degradates, for instance, clothianidin-n-desmethyl (CLO-N-DES), clothianidin-urea (CLOU), imidacloprid urea (IMIU) and olefin (IMIO), as well as thiamethoxam urea (THXU), have seldom been documented in water due to the lack of a sensitive analytical method. In this study, a method only requiring 12 mL of water sample was developed and validated to quantify 8 NEOs, 13 metabolites, and 3 related insecticides using solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with HPLC-MS/MS. The method demonstrated good linearity (r 2  > 0.99), with limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.16 to 1.21 ng/L and limits of quantification (LOQ) from 0.54 to 4.03 ng/L in water samples. Validation showed accuracy between 70 and 130 % and precision below 15 % for most analytes. The method's performance was comparable to, or better than, existing methods, with the advantage of requiring much smaller sample volumes. Using this method, we monitored the occurrence and seasonal variability of NEOs and their metabolites in various surface water and groundwaters matrices from across Iowa. For example, analysis of water samples from private wells across three Iowa counties detected several NEOs, with notable findings including the first detection of flupyradifurone (FLU) in Iowa well water. Surface water analysis from five locations revealed frequent detection of NEOs and their metabolites, with some concentrations exceeding U.S. EPA chronic toxicity benchmarks for freshwater invertebrates. In addition, this is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of CLO-N-DES, CLOU, and THX-U in US surface water. The study helps advance analytical methods for NEOs and their metabolites while also highlighting their widespread occurrence in Iowa waters and associated ecological risks, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive monitoring of these compounds.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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