The Impact of Digital Devices on Children's Health: A Systematic Literature Review.

Autor:	Presta V; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy., Guarnieri A; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy., Laurenti F; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy., Mazzei S; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy., Arcari ML; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy., Mirandola P; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy., Vitale M; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy., Chia MYH; Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Department, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore., Condello G; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy., Gobbi G; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology [J Funct Morphol Kinesiol] 2024 Nov 14; Vol. 9 (4). Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Nov 14.
DOI:	10.3390/jfmk9040236
Abstrakt:	Background: The impact of prolonged digital device exposure on physical and mental health in children has been widely investigated by the scientific community. Additionally, the lockdown periods due to the COVID-19 pandemic further exposed children to screen time for e-learning activities. The aim of this systematic review (PROSPERO Registration: CRD42022315596) was to evaluate the effect of digital device exposure on children's health. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was additionally explored to verify the further exposure of children due to the e-learning environment. Methods: Available online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, BASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) were searched for study selection. The PICO model was followed by including a target population of children aged 2 to 12 years, exposed or not to any type of digital devices, while evaluating changes in both physical and mental health outcomes. The quality assessment was conducted by using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines were followed to provide data synthesis. Results: Forty studies with a total sample of 75,540 children were included in this systematic review. The study design was mainly cross-sectional (n = 28) and of moderate quality (n = 33). Overall, the quality score was reduced due to recall, selection, and detection biases; blinding procedures influenced the quality score of controlled trials, and outcome validity reduced the quality score of cohort studies. Digital device exposure affected physical activity engagement and adiposity parameters; sleep and behavioral problems emerged in children overexposed to digital devices. Ocular conditions were also reported and associated with higher screen exposure. Home confinement during COVID-19 further increased digital device exposure with additional negative effects. Conclusions: The prolonged use of digital devices has a significant negative impact on children aged 2 to 12, leading to decreased physical activity, sleep disturbances, behavioral issues, lower academic performance, socioemotional challenges, and eye strain, particularly following extended online learning during lockdowns.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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