Cohort Study of Indecent Exposure in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2020: Incidents, Perpetrators, Victims, and Trends over Time.

Autor: Ten Hoor NM; Research Department Forensic Care Specialists, PO Box 174, 3500 AD, Utrecht, Netherlands. NtenHoor@dewaagnederland.nl., Smid WJ; Research Department Forensic Care Specialists, PO Box 174, 3500 AD, Utrecht, Netherlands., van Dooren M; Research Department Forensic Care Specialists, PO Box 174, 3500 AD, Utrecht, Netherlands., Matthijssen W; Dutch National Police Force, The Hague, Netherlands., de Vogel V; Research Department Forensic Care Specialists, PO Box 174, 3500 AD, Utrecht, Netherlands.; Research Group Working with Mandated Clients, Centre for Social Innovation, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands., Hendriks J; Research Department Forensic Care Specialists, PO Box 174, 3500 AD, Utrecht, Netherlands.; Faculty of Law, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Archives of sexual behavior [Arch Sex Behav] 2024 Nov 22. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Nov 22.
DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-03034-w
Abstrakt: Indecent exposure is often regarded as a nuisance offense and detailed studies into this topic are relatively rare. However, there is consensus that relatively high recidivism rates and risk of escalation to more severe offenses can be of serious concern among these perpetrators. This cohort study aims to increase our general knowledge on the basic characteristics of these offenses and includes all registered police cases of indecent exposure in the Netherlands between 2012 and 2020, including 6741 incidents, involving 4663 suspects and 3808 registered victims. This first study of a large cohort over a long period of time describes the basic characteristics of these incidents, the perpetrators and their victims, and visualizes the results to explore trends over time. Results show that a modal indecent exposure incident is perpetrated by a 25-year-old male, on foot, on a public road, on a Wednesday afternoon in July, masturbating and directing his genitals intentionally toward a 13-year-old girl. The age distribution of victims shows remarkable similarity to victims of sexual assault. Compared to the first year of the period studied, the number of annually reported incidents gradually declined to half in the last year of the study. Findings are discussed in light of the most prominent theories on exhibitionism. Issues and suggestions relevant to apprehension and treatment of perpetrators are identified and discussed.
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors have no known conflict of interest to disclose. Informed consent: Informed consent to participate and/or publish was not applicable to this study. Ethical Approval: Approval for the study was obtained from the Dutch Prosecutor General and the Minister of Justice. The methods were in line with all European laws and guidelines for ethical research practice ( https://english.ccmo.nl ) and the study was approved by the IRB of the Forensic Care Specialists.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
Externí odkaz: