Tear fluid reflects the altered protein expressions of Alzheimer's disease patients in proteins involved in protein repair and clearance system or the regulation of cytoskeleton.

Autor:	Kärkkäinen V; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; NeuroCenter, Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Hannonen S; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Rusanen M; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Lehtola JM; Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Saari T; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland., Uusitalo H; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Eye and Vision Research, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland., Leinonen V; NeuroCenter, Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Thiede B; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway., Kaarniranta K; Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland., Koivisto AM; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Department of Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland., Utheim T; Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway|.; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD [J Alzheimers Dis] 2024 Nov 18, pp. 13872877241295315. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Nov 18.
DOI:	10.1177/13872877241295315
Abstrakt:	Background: New biomarkers that improve diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are warranted. Tear fluid (TF) containing variety of proteins that reflect pathophysiological changes of systemic diseases makes TF proteins potential biomarker candidates for AD. Objective: We investigated the expression levels of TF proteins in persons with mild AD and cognitively healthy controls (CO) to find out if altered proteins may link to the AD pathophysiology. Methods: We analyzed the data of the 53 study participants (34 COs, mean age 71 and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 28.9 ± 1.4 and 19 persons with AD, CDR 0.5-1, mean age 71 and MMSE 23.8 ± 2.8). All went through neurological status examination, cognitive tests, and ophthalmological examination. TF was collected using Schirmer strips. The TF protein content was evaluated via mass spectrometry-based proteomics and label-free quantification. Results: Eleven proteins having a role either in protein repair and clearance system, or regulation of cytoskeleton, showed altered expression in AD group compared to CO group. Seven of them were significantly ( p  ≤ 0.05) upregulated (Sti1, Twf1, Myl6, Otub1, Pls1 and Caza1) or, downregulated (HSP90) in AD group. Conclusions: Altered expression of all these up- or downregulated proteins may be linked to AD pathophysiology. Thus, our results are encouraging for searching new biomarker candidates for AD. TF is potential biomarker candidate, because TF seems to reflect altered protein levels already in mild AD dementia. Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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