Accumulation of micropollutants, byproducts, and metabolites in vegetables cultivated with treated water.

Autor: Wang YH; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan., Lin AY; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan. Electronic address: yuchenlin@ntu.edu.tw.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Journal of hazardous materials [J Hazard Mater] 2024 Dec 05; Vol. 480, pp. 136475. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Nov 10.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136475
Abstrakt: Due to a lack of water resources, people are starting to use treated wastewater to irrigate crops and vegetables. However, the risk of micropollutant exposure from vegetables cultivated with treated wastewater has been largely underestimated. To elucidate this underestimation, a hydroponic system for lettuce cultivation using a nutrient solution spiked with three pharmaceuticals with different log K OW values (acetaminophen (0.46), ketamine (2.18) and methadone (3.93)) was examined, and the total bioconcentration factors (BCFs) (including the transformation of metabolites) of the pharmaceuticals were found to be 0, 120 ± 7.76 and 176 ± 16.0 L/kg, respectively. To simulate treated wastewater, these nutrient solutions were first treated by sunlight photolysis, chlorination, and sunlight/chlorine before use in lettuce cultivation. During the treatment, ketamine and methadone were transformed into norketamine (up to 6.0 %) and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) (up to 16 %), respectively; the BCF of norketamine (162 ± 22.6 L/kg) was found to be even greater than ketamine. In addition, other degradation byproducts (including 3 trace and 13 undetected byproducts in the nutrient solutions) were taken up by the lettuce. In parallel, ketamine and methadone can also undergo metabolism in lettuce; the conversion rate to norketamine increased from 22 ± 7.0 % to 45 ± 0.062 when the ketamine concentration decreased from 1000 to 50 μg/L.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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