Microalbuminuria in Children With Sickle Cell Disease in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Autor:	Zayed AM; Pediatric Oncology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Almohaimeed S; Pediatric Nephrology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Eltayeb A; Pediatric Nephrology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Aldosari HA; Pediatrics, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Alotaibi T; Pediatrics, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Alotaibi T; Pediatrics, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Alharbi R; Pediatric Oncology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Awadallah Y; Preventive Medicine, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Ancheta SJV; Nursing, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, SAU., Alasmari M; Pediatrics, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Algarni A; Pediatrics, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Al Ghamdi E; Pediatrics, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, SAU., Alamrah S; College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, SAU.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Cureus [Cureus] 2024 Nov 12; Vol. 16 (11), pp. e73532. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Nov 12 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.7759/cureus.73532
Abstrakt:	Background and Objective: Sickle cell disease (SCD) complications, such as sickle cell nephropathy (SCN), may begin in childhood and progress insidiously to chronic kidney disease in adulthood. In Saudi Arabia (SA), there is a lack of studies evaluating kidney function in children with SCD. This study aims to assess microalbuminuria (MA) as an early marker of renal dysfunction in SCD children living in the Eastern region of SA, to potentially institute appropriate early treatment. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 114 Saudi children with SCD under the age of 14 years who attended the pediatric hematology clinic for routine follow-up. Demographic and clinical information were collected from the patients and their parents, who provided informed consent. Morning urine samples were collected and tested for the presence of MA using the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). Blood samples were also collected for basic laboratory investigations. The prevalence of MA and its correlation with various clinical and laboratory data were analyzed. Additionally, a comparison of clinical characteristics and MA was conducted between children originating from the Southwestern (SW) and Eastern regions of the country, all of whom lived in the Eastern Province. Results: A total of 114 children with SCD were included in the study. The mean age was 8.8 ± 3.2 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.3:1. Based on their region of origin, they were divided into two groups: Eastern (n = 26/114) and SW (n = 88/114). MA was detected in 28 patients (24.6%), with no significant difference in prevalence between the two groups. There was no significant statistical difference in clinical and laboratory data between the groups, except for hemoglobin F (HBF) levels and the use of hydroxyurea (HU). HBF levels were significantly higher in children from the Eastern region, while more SW patients used HU. No correlation was found between MA and any of the studied variables. Conclusion: MA is common in children with SCD in the Eastern region of SA, with no difference in its prevalence between children of the two different ancestries carrying the Arab-Indian (AI) and African haplotypes. It is not associated with any of the studied clinical variables in this report. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Armed Forces Hospitals Eastern Province Institutional Review Board (IRB) issued approval AFHER-IRB-2021-018. Approval is granted with the understanding that the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) Implementing Regulations of the Law of Ethics of Research will be strictly adhered to. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. (Copyright © 2024, Zayed et al.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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