Synthesis and structural evolution of Ba 1-3x La 2x Ti 1-3x Bi 4x O 3 solid solutions (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05).

Autor: Valenzuela-Carrillo MI; Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials. Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. Road Pachuca- Tulancingo Km 4.5 Mineral de la Reforma Zip Code 42184, Hidalgo Mexico., Pérez-Labra M; Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials. Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. Road Pachuca- Tulancingo Km 4.5 Mineral de la Reforma Zip Code 42184, Hidalgo Mexico., Barrientos-Hernández FR; Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials. Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. Road Pachuca- Tulancingo Km 4.5 Mineral de la Reforma Zip Code 42184, Hidalgo Mexico., Romero-Serrano JA; Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIQIE, Metallurgy and Materials Department, Zacatenco, Zip Code 07738, Ciudad de México, México., Reyes-Pérez M; Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials. Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. Road Pachuca- Tulancingo Km 4.5 Mineral de la Reforma Zip Code 42184, Hidalgo Mexico., Cruz-Ramírez A; Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIQIE, Metallurgy and Materials Department, Zacatenco, Zip Code 07738, Ciudad de México, México., Flores-Guerrero MU; Industrial Electromechanics Area, Technological University of Tulancingo, 43642 Hidalgo, Mexico., Juárez-Tapia JC; Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials. Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. Road Pachuca- Tulancingo Km 4.5 Mineral de la Reforma Zip Code 42184, Hidalgo Mexico.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Heliyon [Heliyon] 2024 Sep 26; Vol. 10 (19), pp. e38463. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 26 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38463
Abstrakt: In this study, the synthesis and structural evolution of pure BaTiO 3 and BaTiO 3 co-doped with La 3+ and Bi 3+ , produced using the ball milling method and heat treatment, were analyzed. The starting materials included chemically pure precursor powders of BaCO 3 , TiO 2 , La 2 O 3, and Bi 2 O 3 . Stoichiometric calculations were performed using the Ba 1-3x La 2x Ti 1-3x Bi 4x O 3 mechanism with concentrations x = 0.0, 0.0025, 0.0045, 0.006, 0.01, and 0.05 (mol %). The structural and morphological evolution of the samples was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM-EDS). XRD and Rietveld refinement results indicated a tetragonal ferroelectric phase for samples with x ≤ 0.006. As doping levels increased, a peak disappearance was observed, corresponding to a phase transformation from tetragonal to cubic at x = 0.01. Additionally, a cubic secondary phase, BaBiO₃, was detected at x = 0.05, indicating that the maximum solubility of La³⁺ and Bi³⁺ ions in BaTiO 3 was exceeded at this concentration. The concentration x = 0.0025 was found to exhibit the maximum tetragonality among the samples studied, with a value of 1.0087, greater than the tetragonality for pure BaTiO 3 , 1.0083. The HRSEM-EDS analysis revealed that for samples with x ≤ 0.006, the microstructure consisted of faceted shape grains with mean grain size in the range of 362.5 nm-488.3 nm. Punctual microanalysis and elemental distribution mapping of the doped samples showed that the grains were composed of Ba, Ti, O, Bi, and La, which were homogeneously distributed, confirming the incorporation of the dopant elements into the BaTiO 3 structure.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(© 2024 The Author(s).)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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