The GPI sidechain of Toxoplasma gondii inhibits parasite pathogenesis.

Autor:	Alvarez JA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA.; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, California, USA., Gas-Pascual E; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA., Malhi S; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA., Sánchez-Arcila JC; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA., Njume FN; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA., van der Wel H; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA., Zhao Y; Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA., García-López L; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA.; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, California, USA., Ceron G; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA., Posada J; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA., Souza SP; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA.; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, California, USA., Yap GS; Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA., West CM; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA., Jensen KDC; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA.; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	MBio [mBio] 2024 Oct 16; Vol. 15 (10), pp. e0052724. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 20.
DOI:	10.1128/mbio.00527-24
Abstrakt:	Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are highly conserved anchors for eukaryotic cell surface proteins. The apicomplexan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii , is a widespread intracellular parasite of warm-blooded animals whose plasma membrane is covered with GPI-anchored proteins, and free GPIs called GIPLs. While the glycan portion is conserved, species differ in sidechains added to the triple mannose core. The functional significance of the Glcα1,4GalNAcβ1- sidechain reported in Toxoplasma gondii has remained largely unknown without understanding its biosynthesis. Here we identify and disrupt two glycosyltransferase genes and confirm their respective roles by serology and mass spectrometry. Parasites lacking the sidechain on account of deletion of the first glycosyltransferase, PIGJ, exhibit increased virulence during primary and secondary infections, suggesting it is an important pathogenesis factor. Cytokine responses, antibody recognition of GPI-anchored SAGs, and complement binding to PIGJ mutants are intact. By contrast, the scavenger receptor CD36 shows enhanced binding to PIGJ mutants, potentially explaining a subtle tropism for macrophages detected early in infection. Galectin-3, which binds GIPLs, exhibits an enhancement of binding to PIGJ mutants, and the protection of galectin-3 knockout mice from lethality suggests that Δ pigj parasite virulence in this context is sidechain dependent. Parasite numbers are not affected by Δ pigj early in the infection in wild-type mice, suggesting a breakdown of tolerance. However, increased tissue cysts in the brains of mice infected with Δ pigj parasites indicate an advantage over wild-type strains. Thus, the GPI sidechain of T. gondii plays a crucial and diverse role in regulating disease outcomes in the infected host.IMPORTANCEThe functional significance of sidechain modifications to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor in parasites has yet to be determined because the glycosyltransferases responsible for these modifications have not been identified. Here we present identification and characterization of both Toxoplasmsa gondii GPI sidechain-modifying glycosyltransferases. Removal of the glycosyltransferase that adds the first GalNAc to the sidechain results in parasites without a sidechain on the GPI, and increased host susceptibility to infection. Loss of the second glycosyltransferase results in a sidechain with GalNAc alone, and no glucose added, and has negligible effect on disease outcomes. This indicates GPI sidechains are fundamental to host-parasite interactions. Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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