The Relationship Between Gut Microbiome and Ophthalmologic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.

Autor:	Lima Barrientos J; General Practice, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MEX., Rojas Huerta A; General Practice, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MEX., Perez Mendoza A; General Practice, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MEX., Abreu Lopez BA; General Practice, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, VEN., Salolin Vargas VP; General Practice, Universidad Westhill, Mexico City, MEX., Garcia Gonzalez OY; General Practice, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Monterrey, MEX., Saldaña Ruiz MA; Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, MEX., Diarte E; Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, MEX., Torijano Sarria AJ; General Practice, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, COL.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Cureus [Cureus] 2024 Aug 13; Vol. 16 (8), pp. e66808. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 13 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.7759/cureus.66808
Abstrakt:	The gut microbiome has been studied in recent years due to its association with various pathological pathways involved in different diseases, caused by its structure, function, and diversity alteration. The knowledge of this mechanism has generated interest in the investigation of its relationship with ophthalmologic diseases. Recent studies infer the existence of a gut-eye microbiota axis, influenced by the intestinal barrier, the blood-retina barrier, and the immune privilege of the eye. A common denominator among ophthalmologic diseases that have been related to this axis is inflammation, which is perpetuated by dysbiosis, causing an alteration of the intestinal barrier leading to increased permeability and, in turn, the release of components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), and bacterial translocation. Some theories explain that depending on how the microbiome is composed, a different type of T cells will be activated, while others say that some bacteria can pre-activate T cells that mimic ocular structures and intestinal permeability that allow leakage of metabolites into the circulation. In addition, therapies such as probiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have been shown to favor the presence of a balanced population of microorganisms that limit inflammation and, in turn, generate a beneficial effect in these eye pathologies. This review aims to analyze how the intestinal microbiome influences various ocular pathologies based on microbial composition and pathological mechanisms, which may provide a better understanding of the diseases and their therapeutic potential. Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. (Copyright © 2024, Lima Barrientos et al.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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