Positive selection analyses identify a single WWE domain residue that shapes ZAP into a more potent restriction factor against alphaviruses.

Autor: Huang S; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America., Girdner J; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America., Nguyen LP; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America., Sandoval C; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America., Fregoso OI; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America., Enard D; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America., Li MMH; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.; AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: PLoS pathogens [PLoS Pathog] 2024 Aug 29; Vol. 20 (8), pp. e1011836. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 29 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011836
Abstrakt: The host interferon pathway upregulates intrinsic restriction factors in response to viral infection. Many of them block a diverse range of viruses, suggesting that their antiviral functions might have been shaped by multiple viral families during evolution. Host-virus conflicts have led to the rapid adaptation of host and viral proteins at their interaction hotspots. Hence, we can use evolutionary genetic analyses to elucidate antiviral mechanisms and domain functions of restriction factors. Zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a restriction factor against RNA viruses such as alphaviruses, in addition to other RNA, retro-, and DNA viruses, yet its precise antiviral mechanism is not fully characterized. Previously, an analysis of 13 primate ZAP orthologs identified three positively selected residues in the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-like domain. However, selective pressure from ancient alphaviruses and others likely drove ZAP adaptation in a wider representation of mammals. We performed positive selection analyses in 261 mammalian ZAP using more robust methods with complementary strengths and identified seven positively selected sites in all domains of the protein. We generated ZAP inducible cell lines in which the positively selected residues of ZAP are mutated and tested their effects on alphavirus replication and known ZAP activities. Interestingly, the mutant in the second WWE domain of ZAP (N658A) is dramatically better than wild-type ZAP at blocking replication of Sindbis virus and other ZAP-sensitive alphaviruses due to enhanced viral translation inhibition. The N658A mutant is adjacent to the previously reported poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) binding pocket, but surprisingly has reduced binding to PAR. In summary, the second WWE domain is critical for engineering a more potent ZAP and fluctuations in PAR binding modulate ZAP antiviral activity. Our study has the potential to unravel the role of ADP-ribosylation in the host innate immune defense and viral evolutionary strategies that antagonize this post-translational modification.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
(Copyright: © 2024 Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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