Revisiting morphology of xiphoid process of the sternum in human: a comprehensive anatomical study.

Autor: Iwanaga J; Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. iwanagajoeca@gmail.com.; Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. iwanagajoeca@gmail.com.; Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. iwanagajoeca@gmail.com.; Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA. iwanagajoeca@gmail.com.; Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan. iwanagajoeca@gmail.com., Samrid R; Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen, Thailand., Shelvin KB; School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA., Cardona JJ; Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA., Kikuchi K; Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.; Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan., Chaiyamoon A; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen, Thailand., Suwannakhan A; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand., Tubbs RS; Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.; Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.; Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA.; Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.; Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada.; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA [Surg Radiol Anat] 2024 Oct; Vol. 46 (10), pp. 1687-1692. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 22.
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03463-1
Abstrakt: Background: The xiphoid process (XP) in animals such as sheep and rats are well known to have cartilage called xiphoidal cartilage (XC). In humans, the cartilage in the xiphoid process is considered an anatomical variant and is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of the XP.
Methods: A total of twenty embalmed European descendant cadaveric sterna (aged 52 to 98 years) were used. Transilluminated XPs and midsagittal sections of XPs were used to examine the bone and cartilage. Subsequently, a sagittally-sectioned XP was harvested for histology and stained with Masson's trichrome. The results of the transillumination and histological examinations were compared qualitatively.
Results: The dark area visible in transilluminated XPs was consistent with the bony part in the midsagittal XP sections, which contained bone marrow; the bright area was consistent with the cartilage part in the midsagittal XP sections. This was all demonstrated histologically. Most of the XPs (85%) had some portion of cartilage. The XP was classified into four types based on its proportions of bone and cartilage: Type I, no ossification (< 1/3 ossification) 45%; Type II, minor ossification (1/3 - 1/2 ossification) 20%; Type III, major ossification (1/2-2/3 ossification) 20%; Type IV, complete ossification (> 2/3 ossification) 15%. Most of the XPs (85%) had bone and cartilage, which could have been overlooked in studies using skeletons or CT.
Conclusion: Previous studies probably underestimated or overestimated the size of the XP. The XC needs to be considered as normal anatomy.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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