| Autor: |
Morais CLM; Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil.; Center for Education, Science and Technology of the Inhamuns Region, State University of Ceará, Tauá 63660-000, Brazil., Lima KMG; Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil., Dickinson AW; Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK. francis.martin2@nhs.net., Saba T; Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK. francis.martin2@nhs.net., Bongers T; Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK. francis.martin2@nhs.net., Singh MN; Biocel UK Ltd, Hull HU10 6TS, UK.; Chesterfield Royal Hospital, Chesterfield Road, Calow, Chesterfield S44 5BL, UK., Martin FL; Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK. francis.martin2@nhs.net.; Biocel UK Ltd, Hull HU10 6TS, UK., Bury D; Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK. francis.martin2@nhs.net. |
| Abstrakt: |
Lung cancer is one of the most commonly occurring malignant tumours worldwide. Although some reference methods such as X-ray, computed tomography or bronchoscope are widely used for clinical diagnosis of lung cancer, there is still a need to develop new methods for early detection of lung cancer. Especially needed are approaches that might be non-invasive and fast with high analytical precision and statistically reliable. Herein, we developed a swab "dip" test in saliva whereby swabs were analysed using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy harnessed to principal component analysis-quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) and variable selection techniques employing successive projections algorithm (SPA) and genetic algorithm (GA) for feature selection/extraction combined with QDA. A total of 1944 saliva samples (56 designated as lung-cancer positive and 1888 designed as controls) were obtained in a lung cancer-screening programme being undertaken in North-West England. GA-QDA models achieved, for the test set, sensitivity and specificity values of 100.0% and 99.1%, respectively. Three wavenumbers (1422 cm -1 , 1546 cm -1 and 1578 cm -1 ) were identified using the GA-QDA model to distinguish between lung cancer and controls, including ring C-C stretching, CN adenine, Amide II [ δ (NH), ν (CN)] and ν s (COO - ) (polysaccharides, pectin). These findings highlight the potential of using biospectroscopy associated with multivariate classification algorithms to discriminate between benign saliva samples and those with underlying lung cancer. |
