White blood cell counts, ratios, and C-reactive protein among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and associations with long-term outcomes: a population-based study.

Autor: Llorca-Bofí V; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Santa Maria University Hospital Lleida, Lleida, Spain; Copenhagen Research Center for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, Hellerup DK-2900, Denmark., Petersen LV; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8210, Denmark., Mortensen PB; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8210, Denmark., Benros ME; Copenhagen Research Center for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, Hellerup DK-2900, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: michael.eriksen.benros@regionh.dk.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Brain, behavior, and immunity [Brain Behav Immun] 2024 Nov; Vol. 122, pp. 18-26. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 07.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.041
Abstrakt: Background: Immune mechanisms are associated with adverse outcomes in schizophrenia; however, the predictive value of various peripheral immune biomarkers has not been collectively investigated in a large cohort before.
Objective: To investigate how white blood cell (WBC) counts, ratios, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels influence the long-term outcomes of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD).
Methods: We identified all adults in the Central Denmark Region during 1994-2013 with a measurement of WBC counts and/or CRP at first diagnosis of SSD. WBC ratios were calculated, and both WBC counts and ratios were quartile-categorized (Q4 upper quartile). We followed these individuals from first diagnosis until outcome of interest (death, treatment resistance and psychiatric readmissions), emigration or December 31, 2016, using Cox regression analysis to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs).
Results: Among 6,845 participants, 375 (5.5 %) died, 477 (6.9 %) exhibited treatment resistance, and 1470 (21.5 %) were readmitted during follow-up. Elevated baseline levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, LLR, NLR, MLR, and CRP increased the risk of death, whereas higher levels of lymphocytes, platelets, and PLR were associated with lower risk. ROC analysis identified CRP as the strongest predictor for mortality (AUC=0.84). Moreover, elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, LLR, NLR and MLR were associated with treatment resistance. Lastly, higher platelet counts decreased the risk of psychiatric readmissions, while elevated LLR increased this risk.
Conclusions: Elevated levels of WBC counts, ratios, and CRP at the initial diagnosis of SSD are associated with mortality, with CRP demonstrating the highest predictive value. Additionally, certain WBC counts and ratios are associated with treatment resistance and psychiatric readmissions.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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