Hydro-chemical characteristics of Biring and Tangting Rivers (Nepal) and evaluation of water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Autor: Basnet N; Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal., Sitaula S; Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal., Bohara R; Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal., Bhattarai S; Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal., Rawal S; Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal., Uprety MP; Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal., Awasthi MP; Faculty of Science and Technology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur, Nepal., Varol M; Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Agriculture Faculty, Aquaculture Department, Türkiye. Electronic address: memet.varol@ozal.edu.tr., Kayastha SP; Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal., Pant RR; Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Environmental research [Environ Res] 2024 Nov 15; Vol. 261, pp. 119697. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jul 26.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119697
Abstrakt: Although river water is vital for drinking, irrigation and domestic needs, it faces threats from natural processes and human activities. Small and medium-sized rivers, especially in Nepal, remain understudied despite their vital importance in providing water to densely populated areas. This study evaluated the suitability for drinking and irrigation and the hydro-chemical characteristics of the Biring and Tangting rivers in Koshi province, Nepal. The results showed that turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, TH, NH 4 + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , Cl - , SO 4 2- , HCO 3 - and NO 3 - values of all sampling sites in the Biring and Tangting rivers, except for the turbidity value of 10.39 NTU recorded in the PT9 site of the Tangting River, did not exceed maximum limit values set for drinking water. However, according to Water Quality Index results, the water of both rivers was in poor condition for drinking due to domestic wastewater discharges and cremation activities which caused high NH 4 + levels. The major cations in both rivers were listed as Ca 2 ⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Mg 2 ⁺, while the major anions were listed as HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄ 2 ⁻ > NO₃⁻. Gibbs and Piper diagrams showed that geogenic weathering of carbonate rocks prevailing in the region affected the hydrochemistry in both rivers. Evaluation based on seven different irrigation indices and US salinity laboratory diagram revealed that the water of both rivers was suitable for irrigation despite some magnesium-related limitations.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
Externí odkaz: