Evolving Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Fever: A Comprehensive Review.

Autor:	Hamdulay K; Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND., Rawekar R; Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND., Tayade A; Infectious Disease, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND., Kumar S; Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND., Acharya S; Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Cureus [Cureus] 2024 Jun 24; Vol. 16 (6), pp. e63070. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 24 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.7759/cureus.63070
Abstrakt:	Enteric fever, predominantly caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi, remains a significant global health challenge. This comprehensive review examines the evolving epidemiology and antibiotic resistance associated with enteric fever. We provide an overview of the disease's definition and historical context, highlighting the substantial impact of antibiotic resistance on treatment efficacy. The review details the global burden, incidence trends, and risk factors of enteric fever while elucidating the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the disease. A critical analysis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms reveals the alarming rise of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains, complicating treatment regimens and underscoring the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Current treatment protocols, the role of empirical therapy, and the rational use of antibiotics are discussed in depth. Additionally, we explore prevention and control strategies, emphasizing the importance of vaccination programs, sanitation improvements, and effective public health interventions. The review concludes with recommendations for future actions, including enhanced surveillance, research and development of new antibiotics, expansion of vaccination efforts, and improved public health infrastructure. The findings highlight the necessity for updated clinical guidelines and sustained global efforts to address the challenges of enteric fever and its evolving antibiotic resistance patterns. Through coordinated action and continued innovation, it is possible to mitigate the impact of this enduring public health threat. Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. (Copyright © 2024, Hamdulay et al.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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