Development of 3D-printed universal adapter in enhancing retinal imaging accessibility.

Autor: Latip AAA; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Kipli K; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia. kkuryati@unimas.my., Kamaruddin AMNA; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Sapawi R; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Lias K; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Jalil MA; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, 81310, Malaysia., Tamrin KF; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Tajudin NMA; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Ong HY; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, 94300, Malaysia., Mahmood MH; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia., Jali SK; Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Sahari SK; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Mat DAA; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia., Lim LT; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, 94300, Malaysia.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: 3D printing in medicine [3D Print Med] 2024 Jul 19; Vol. 10 (1), pp. 23. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jul 19.
DOI: 10.1186/s41205-024-00231-0
Abstrakt: Background: The revolutionary technology of smartphone-based retinal imaging has been consistently improving over the years. Smartphone-based retinal image acquisition devices are designed to be portable, easy to use, and cost-efficient, which enables eye care to be more widely accessible especially in geographically remote areas. This enables early disease detection for those who are in low- and middle- income population or just in general has very limited access to eye care. This study investigates the limitation of smartphone compatibility of existing smartphone-based retinal image acquisition devices. Additionally, this study aims to propose a universal adapter design that is usable with an existing smartphone-based retinal image acquisition device known as the PanOptic ophthalmoscope. This study also aims to simulate the reliability, validity, and performance overall of the developed prototype.
Methods: A literature review has been conducted that identifies the limitation of smartphone compatibility among existing smartphone-based retinal image acquisition devices. Designing and modeling of proposed adapter were performed using the software AutoCAD 3D. For the proposed performance evaluation, finite element analysis (FEA) in the software Autodesk Inventor and 5-point scale method were demonstrated.
Results: Published studies demonstrate that most of the existing smartphone-based retinal imaging devices have compatibility limited to specific older smartphone models. This highlights the benefit of a universal adapter in broadening the usability of existing smartphone-based retinal image acquisition devices. A functional universal adapter design has been developed that demonstrates its compatibility with a variety of smartphones regardless of the smartphone dimension or the position of the smartphone's camera lens. The proposed performance evaluation method generates an efficient stress analysis of the proposed adapter design. The end-user survey results show a positive overall performance of the developed universal adapter. However, a significant difference between the expert's views on the developed adapter and the quality of images is observed.
Conclusion: The compatibility of existing smartphone-based retinal imaging devices is still mostly limited to specific smartphone models. Besides this, the concept of a universal and suitable adapter for retinal imaging using the PanOptic ophthalmoscope was presented and validated in this paper. This work provides a platform for future development of smartphone-based ophthalmoscope that is universal.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)
Databáze: MEDLINE
Externí odkaz: