Cost-effectiveness of COVID rapid diagnostic tests for patients with severe/critical illness in low- and middle-income countries: A modeling study.

Autor: Bonnet G; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, United Kingdom., Bimba J; Zankli Research Centre, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria.; Department of Community Medicine, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria., Chavula C; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Lilongwe, Malawi., Chifamba HN; Sally Mugabe Central Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe., Divala TH; Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, Malawi., Lescano AG; Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru., Majam M; Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Mbo D; Maitama Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria., Suwantika AA; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.; Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation (PHARCI), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia., Tovar MA; Socios En Salud Sucursal Perú, Lima, Peru.; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú., Yadav P; Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Virology, Pune, India., Ekwunife O; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.; Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America., Mangenah C; Centre for Sexual Health, HIV and AIDS Research, Harare, Zimbabwe., Ngwira LG; Health Economics Policy Unit, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi., Corbett EL; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, United Kingdom., Jit M; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, United Kingdom., Vassall A; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: PLoS medicine [PLoS Med] 2024 Jul 18; Vol. 21 (7), pp. e1004429. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jul 18 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004429
Abstrakt: Background: Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for coronavirus disease (COVID) are used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to inform treatment decisions. However, to date, it is unclear when this use is cost-effective. Existing analyses are limited to a narrow set of countries and uses. The aim of this study is to assess the cost-effectiveness of COVID RDTs to inform the treatment of patients with severe illness in LMICs, considering real world practice.
Methods and Findings: We assessed the cost-effectiveness of COVID testing across LMICs using a decision tree model, differentiating results by country income level, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevalence, and testing scenario (none, RDTs, polymerase chain reaction tests-PCRs and combinations). LMIC experts defined realistic care pathways and treatment options. Using a healthcare provider perspective and net monetary benefit approach, we assessed both intended (COVID symptom alleviation) and unintended (treatment side effects) health and economic impacts for each testing scenario. We included the side effects of corticosteroids, which are often the only available treatment for COVID. Because side effects depend both on the treatment and the patient's underlying illness (COVID or COVID-like illnesses, such as influenza), we considered the prevalence of COVID-like illnesses in our analyses. We found that SARS-CoV-2 testing of patients with severe COVID-like illness can be cost-effective in all LMICs, though only in some circumstances. High influenza prevalence among suspected COVID cases improves cost-effectiveness, since incorrectly provided corticosteroids may worsen influenza outcomes. In low- and some lower-middle-income countries, only patients with a high index of suspicion for COVID should be tested with RDTs, while other patients should be presumed to not have COVID. In some lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries, suspected severe COVID cases should almost always be tested. Further, in these settings, negative test results in patients with a high initial index of suspicion should be confirmed through PCR and, during influenza outbreaks, positive results in patients with a low initial index of suspicion should also be confirmed with a PCR. The use of interleukin-6 receptor blockers, when supported by testing, may also be cost-effective in higher-income LMICs. The cost at which they would be cost-effective in low-income countries ($162 to $406 per treatment course) is below current prices. The primary limitation of our analysis is substantial uncertainty around some of the parameters in our model due to limited data, most notably on current COVID mortality with standard of care, and insufficient evidence on the impact of corticosteroids on patients with severe influenza.
Conclusions: COVID testing can be cost-effective to inform treatment of LMIC patients with severe COVID-like disease. The optimal algorithm is driven by country income level and health budgets, the level of suspicion that the patient may have COVID, and influenza prevalence. Further research to better characterize the unintended effects of corticosteroids, particularly on influenza cases, could improve decision making around the treatment of those with COVID-like symptoms in LMICs.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
(Copyright: © 2024 Bonnet et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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