Exploring sex differences in blood-based biomarkers following exhaustive exercise using bioinformatics analysis.
Autor: | Blumkaitis JC; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria., Nunes N; Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria., Strepp T; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria., Tomaskovic A; Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany., Wenger M; Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria., Widauer H; Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria., Aglas L; Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria., Simon P; Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany., Stöggl TL; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.; Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria., Haller N; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.; Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany. |
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Jazyk: | angličtina |
Zdroj: | Biology of sport [Biol Sport] 2024 Jul; Vol. 41 (3), pp. 105-118. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 02. |
DOI: | 10.5114/biolsport.2024.132998 |
Abstrakt: | This study examined the acute effects of exercise testing on immunology markers, established blood-based biomarkers, and questionnaires in endurance athletes, with a focus on biological sex differences. Twenty-four healthy endurance-trained participants (16 men, age: 29.2± 7.6 years, maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 max ): 59.4 ± 7.5 ml · min -1 · kg -1 ; 8 women, age: 26.8 ± 6.1 years, V ˙ O 2 max : 52.9 ± 3.1 ml · min -1 · kg -1 ) completed an incremental submaximal exercise test and a ramp test. The study employed exploratory bioinformatics analysis: mixed ANOVA, k-means clustering, and uniform manifold approximation and projection, to assess the effects of exhaustive exercise on biomarkers and questionnaires. Significant increases in biomarkers (lymphocytes, platelets, procalcitonin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, cell-free DNA (cfDNA)) and fatigue were observed post-exercise. Furthermore, differences pre- to post-exercise were observed in cytokines, cfDNA, and other blood biomarkers between male and female participants. Three distinct groups of athletes with differing proportions of females (Cluster 1: 100% female, Cluster 2: 85% male, Cluster 3: 37.5% female and 65.5% male) were identified with k-means clustering. Specific biomarkers (e.g., interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, and IL-13, as well as cfDNA) served as primary markers for each cluster, potentially informing individualized exercise responses. In conclusion, our study identified exercise-sensitive biomarkers and provides valuable insights into the relationships between biological sex and biomarker responses. Competing Interests: The study has received funding from the Red Bull Athlete Performance Center. The funding body has not peer-reviewed the manuscript. This sponsor was not involved in the study design, the writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. (Copyright © Institute of Sport – National Research Instutite.) |
Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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