| Autor: |
Chaplin M; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States., Leung K; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States., Szczuka A; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States., Hansen B; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States., Rockey NC; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States., Henderson JB; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, NCRC Bldg. 16 #471C, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States., Wigginton KR; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States. |
| Abstrakt: |
Despite the critical importance of virus disinfection by chlorine, our fundamental understanding of the relative susceptibility of different viruses to chlorine and robust quantitative relationships between virus disinfection rate constants and environmental parameters remains limited. We conducted a systematic review of virus inactivation by free chlorine and used the resulting data set to develop a linear mixed model that estimates chlorine inactivation rate constants for viruses based on experimental conditions. 570 data points were collected in our systematic review, representing 82 viruses over a broad range of environmental conditions. The harmonized inactivation rate constants under reference conditions (pH = 7.53, T = 20 °C, [Cl - ] < 50 mM) spanned 5 orders of magnitude, ranging from 0.0196 to 1150 L mg -1 min -1 , and uncovered important trends between viruses. Whereas common surrogate bacteriophage MS2 does not serve as a conservative chlorine disinfection surrogate for many human viruses, CVB5 was one of the most resistant viruses in the data set. The model quantifies the role of pH, temperature, and chloride levels across viruses, and an online tool allows users to estimate rate constants for viruses and conditions of interest. Results from the model identified potential shortcomings in current U.S. EPA drinking water disinfection requirements. |
