Load frequency control of multi-area power system incorporated renewable energy considering electrical vehicle effect using modified cascaded controller tuned by BESSO algorithm.

Autor:	Ghafoor R; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan., Guanghua L; Power China Hua Dong Engineering Corporation Ltd., Hangzhou, 311100, 2019, China., Gulzar MM; Department of Control & Instrumentation Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainability Energy Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia., Irfan R; Institute of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan., Alqahtani M; Department of Industrial Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia.; Center for Engineering and Technology Innovations, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia., Khalid M; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainability Energy Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.; Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Heliyon [Heliyon] 2024 May 23; Vol. 10 (11), pp. e31840. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 23 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31840
Abstrakt:	In power systems, load frequency control (LFC) matters significantly to achieve stability. Dealing with the fluctuations in the frequency of a multi-area power system becomes more challenging by incorporating additional energy resources. In this research, a multi-area power system is built by integrating thermal power systems with photovoltaic (PV) cells, wind turbines, and electric vehicles (EV). The addition of an electric vehicle "to a thermal power system which is integrated with a renewable energy source (RES)" increases the system productivity but also increases the system complexity, making it more problematic for LFC. Looking at the stability criteria for LFC, frequencies in two areas (Area-1 & Area-2) and tie-line power are considered for measurements. For the tuning of the proposed cascaded (1+PI)-PID controller, a new approach Bald Eagle Sparrow Search Optimization (BESSO) algorithm is implemented which is strongly inspired by nature. BESSO is a combination of bald eagle and sparrow searching techniques and performs comparatively better for fast convergence due to their strong food-seeking natural behavior to find the best solution for controller gains. Controller effects on multi-area systems are compared with the addition of PV, wind, and EV and resulting measurements meet the stability criteria with high accuracy even with the complexity of the system and also undertake a stability analysis to prove the performance by minimizing undershoot, overshoot, steady-state error and settling time for system frequencies and tie-line power. Simulation results are examined at different load-changing conditions. In contrast with similar combinations of PID controller with proposed cascaded (1+PI)-PID controller, it is claimed that the effect of the proposed controller is much finer and more reliable, even with electric vehicles to avoid system blackout caused by frequency fluctuations in interconnected power system. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. (© 2024 The Authors.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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