Electrochemical Degradation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Future Applications of Inflammation Sensing in Cochlear Implants.

Autor:	Nguyen MH; Department of Otolaryngology and Cluster of Excellence 'Hearing4all', Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany., Onken A; Department of Otolaryngology and Cluster of Excellence 'Hearing4all', Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany., Sündermann J; Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany., Shamsuyeva M; IKK - Institute of Plastics and Circular Economy, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany., Singla P; Engineering Department, University of Manchester, Engineering A building, Booth E Street, M13 9QS Manchester, United Kingdom., Depuydt T; Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven B-3001, Belgium., Peeters M; Engineering Department, University of Manchester, Engineering A building, Booth E Street, M13 9QS Manchester, United Kingdom., Wagner P; Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven B-3001, Belgium., Bethmann K; Department of Information processing, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany., Körner J; Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany., Endres HJ; IKK - Institute of Plastics and Circular Economy, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany., Lenarz T; Department of Otolaryngology and Cluster of Excellence 'Hearing4all', Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany., Doll T; Department of Otolaryngology and Cluster of Excellence 'Hearing4all', Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	ACS omega [ACS Omega] 2024 May 24; Vol. 9 (23), pp. 25223-25238. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 24 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.1021/acsomega.4c02906
Abstrakt:	After cochlear implant (CI) insertion, there is a possibility of postoperative inflammation, which may involve proinflammatory markers such as interleukin-6. Detecting this inflammation promptly is crucial for administering anti-inflammatory drugs, if required. One potential method for detecting inflammation is using molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs). These MIPs, which can be deposited on the CI electrode, provide readout employing impedance measurements, a feature already available on the CI circuit. MIPs designed for this purpose should possess biocompatibility, conductivity, and degradability. The degradability is crucial because there is a limitation on the number of electrodes available, and once the inflammation sensor degrades after the acute inflammation period, it should remain usable as a regular electrode. In this work, conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate-based MIPs were synthesized against biotin as a surrogate target marker. Specific biotin binding with MIPs was determined before and after degradation using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and compared with the control nonimprinted polymers (NIPs). Subsequently, MIPs were electrochemically degraded by EIS with different potentials, wherein a potential dependence was observed. With decreasing potential, fewer dissolved polymers and more monomer molecules were detected in the solution in which degradation took place. At a potential of 0.205 V a negligible amount of dissolved polymer in addition to the dissolved monomer molecules was measured, which can be defined as the limiting potential. Below this potential, only dissolved monomer molecules are obtained, which enables renal clearance. Biocompatibility testing revealed that both the polymer and the solution with dissolved monomer molecules do not exceed the ISO 10993-5 cytotoxicity threshold. Based on these findings, we have developed conductive, biocompatible, and controllably degradable MIPs capable of detecting biotin. This research work paves the way for the advancement of CIs, where inflammation can be detected using molecular imprinting technology without compromising the stability and biosafety of the product. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest. (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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