Optimized microwave-assisted azadirachtin extraction using response surface methodology.

Autor: Martínez-Castro R; Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia, 081001, Colombia., Flórez-Santiago J; Faculty of Basic Sciences, Chemistry Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia, 081001, Colombia., Valle-Molinares R; Faculty of Basic Sciences, Biology Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia, 081001, Colombia., Cabrera-Barraza J; Center for Research and Innovation in Climate Change and Biodiversity, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, 080002, Colombia., Espitia-Almeida F; Faculty of Basic Sciences, Biology Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia, 081001, Colombia.; Life Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, 080002, Colombia.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Heliyon [Heliyon] 2024 May 18; Vol. 10 (10), pp. e31504. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 18 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31504
Abstrakt: The neem tree ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is grown mainly for shade, fuel, and numerous non-timber forest products using its leaves, fruit, and bark. It produces an essential oil that is used as a source for obtaining bioinsecticides, with a broad spectrum of action in agricultural production. Its bioinsecticidal activity is due to the presence of triterpenes, such as azadirachtin, a product in continued growth of the global biopesticide market. Optimal conditions for neem oil extraction using response surface methodology (RSM) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods have been defined. However, the extraction conditions for these methods tend to consume high volumes of organic solvent and long extraction times. The aim of the present study is to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of azadirachtin from neem seeds in a hydroalcoholic medium using MAE and RSM with a Box-Behnken design (BBD). A BBD was applied to evaluate the effects of the factors, magnetron voltage (X 1 ), extraction time (X 2 ), and pH of the extraction medium (X 3 ), on the yield of the azadirachtin extraction process. The effect of each variable on the extraction yield was studied independently, considering the pure coefficients (linear and quadratic) on the three levels that were studied in the experiments. Moreover, the study experiments were conducted in triplicate, data were presented as mean and standard deviation, homogeneity of variances was estimated using Levene's test, and a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc analysis was performed to identify the experimental conditions that allowed us to find the highest extraction yield and to analyze whether the response surface model adequately described our data. The most significant effects of the model correspond to quadratic and interaction effects (p < 0.0001); the quadratic terms voltage (X 1 ), extraction time (X 2 ), and pH (X 3 ); and the interaction effects between voltage-pH (X 1 *X 3 ) and time-pH (X 2 *X 3 ), which had a significant influence on the model. Moreover, a canonical analysis was performed. The optimal conditions were as follows: 69.22 V, 6.89 min, and a pH value of 4.35, coinciding with the zones shown in the contour plots. Furthermore, the response obtained at the optimal conditions was 37.5 μg of azadirachtin per gram of pretreated seed.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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