A tale of two exemplars: the maternal and newborn mortality transitions of two state clusters in India.

Autor:	Ram U; Department of Bio-Statistics and Epidemiology, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India., Ramesh BM; Institute for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada., Blanchard AK; Institute for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada andrea.blanchard@umanitoba.ca., Scott K; Institute for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA., Kumar P; Department of Bio-Statistics and Epidemiology, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India., Agrawal R; Institute for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.; India Health Action Trust, New Delhi, India., Washington R; Institute for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.; India Health Action Trust, New Delhi, India., Bhushan H; National Health Systems Resource Centre, New Delhi, India.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	BMJ global health [BMJ Glob Health] 2024 May 06; Vol. 9 (Suppl 2). Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 06.
DOI:	10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011413
Abstrakt:	Background: India's progress in reducing maternal and newborn mortality since the 1990s has been exemplary across diverse contexts. This paper examines progress in two state clusters: higher mortality states (HMS) with lower per capita income and lower mortality states (LMS) with higher per capita income. Methods: We characterised state clusters' progress in five characteristics of a mortality transition model (mortality levels, causes, health intervention coverage/equity, fertility and socioeconomic development) and examined health policy and systems changes. We conducted quantitative trend analyses, and qualitative document review, interviews and discussions with national and state experts. Results: Both clusters reduced maternal and neonatal mortality by over two-thirds and half respectively during 2000-2018. Neonatal deaths declined in HMS most on days 3-27, and in LMS on days 0-2. From 2005 to 2018, HMS improved coverage of antenatal care with contents (ANCq), institutional delivery and postnatal care (PNC) by over three-fold. In LMS, ANCq, institutional delivery and PNC rose by 1.4-fold. C-sections among the poorest increased from 1.5% to 7.1% in HMS and 5.6% to 19.4% in LMS.Fewer high-risk births (to mothers <18 or 36+ years, birth interval <2 years, birth order 3+) contributed 15% and 6% to neonatal mortality decline in HMS and LMS, respectively. Socioeconomic development improved in both clusters between 2005 and 2021; HMS saw more rapid increases than LMS in women's literacy (1.5-fold), household electricity (by 2-fold), improved sanitation (3.2-fold) and telephone access (6-fold).India's National (Rural) Health Mission's financial and administrative flexibility allowed states to tailor health system reforms. HMS expanded public health resources and financial schemes, while LMS further improved care at hospitals and among the poorest. Conclusion: Two state clusters in India progressed in different mortality transitions, with efforts to maximise coverage at increasingly advanced levels of healthcare, alongside socioeconomic improvements. The transition model characterises progress and guides further advances in maternal and newborn survival. Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared. (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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