Extracellular vesicles secreted by 3D tumor organoids are enriched for immune regulatory signaling biomolecules compared to conventional 2D glioblastoma cell systems.

Autor:	Schuster M; Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany., Braun FK; Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany., Chiang DM; Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.; Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany., Ludwig C; Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany., Meng C; Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany., Grätz C; Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany., Kirchner B; Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany., Proescholdt M; Department of Neurosurgery, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany., Hau P; Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander Neuro-Oncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany., Steinlein OK; Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany., Pfaffl MW; Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany., Riemenschneider MJ; Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany., Reithmair M; Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in immunology [Front Immunol] 2024 Apr 25; Vol. 15, pp. 1388769. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 25 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388769
Abstrakt:	Background: Newer 3D culturing approaches are a promising way to better mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment and to study the interactions between the heterogeneous cell populations of glioblastoma multiforme. Like many other tumors, glioblastoma uses extracellular vesicles as an intercellular communication system to prepare surrounding tissue for invasive tumor growth. However, little is known about the effects of 3D culture on extracellular vesicles. The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize extracellular vesicles in 3D organoid models and compare them to conventional 2D cell culture systems. Methods: Primary glioblastoma cells were cultured as 2D and 3D organoid models. Extracellular vesicles were obtained by precipitation and immunoaffinity, with the latter allowing targeted isolation of the CD9/CD63/CD81 vesicle subpopulation. Comprehensive vesicle characterization was performed and miRNA expression profiles were generated by smallRNA-sequencing. In silico analysis of differentially regulated miRNAs was performed to identify mRNA targets and corresponding signaling pathways. The tumor cell media and extracellular vesicle proteome were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results: We observed an increased concentration of extracellular vesicles in 3D organoid cultures. Differential gene expression analysis further revealed the regulation of twelve miRNAs in 3D tumor organoid cultures (with nine miRNAs down and three miRNAs upregulated). MiR-23a-3p, known to be involved in glioblastoma invasion, was significantly increased in 3D. MiR-7-5p, which counteracts glioblastoma malignancy, was significantly decreased. Moreover, we identified four miRNAs (miR-323a-3p, miR-382-5p, miR-370-3p, miR-134-5p) located within the DLK1-DIO3 domain, a cancer-associated genomic region, suggesting a possible importance of this region in glioblastoma progression. Overrepresentation analysis identified alterations of extracellular vesicle cargo in 3D organoids, including representation of several miRNA targets and proteins primarily implicated in the immune response. Conclusion: Our results show that 3D glioblastoma organoid models secrete extracellular vesicles with an altered cargo compared to corresponding conventional 2D cultures. Extracellular vesicles from 3D cultures were found to contain signaling molecules associated with the immune regulatory signaling pathways and as such could potentially change the surrounding microenvironment towards tumor progression and immunosuppressive conditions. These findings suggest the use of 3D glioblastoma models for further clinical biomarker studies as well as investigation of new therapeutic options. Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2024 Schuster, Braun, Chiang, Ludwig, Meng, Grätz, Kirchner, Proescholdt, Hau, Steinlein, Pfaffl, Riemenschneider and Reithmair.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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