The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans.

Autor:	Lazaridis I; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Patterson N; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Anthony D; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Hartwick College, Dept. of Anthropology, USA., Vyazov L; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia., Fournier R; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Ringbauer H; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany., Olalde I; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU,Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.; Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain., Khokhlov AA; Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia., Kitov EP; Center of Human Ecology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia., Shishlina NI; State History Museum, Department of Archaeology, Moscow, Russia., Ailincăi SC; 'Gavrilă Simion' Eco-Museum Research Institute, Tulcea, Romania., Agapov DS; Samara Regional Public Organization 'Historical, ecological and cultural Association 'Povolzje'., Agapov SA; Samara Regional Public Organization 'Historical, ecological and cultural Association 'Povolzje'., Batieva E; Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov, Russia., Bauyrzhan B; Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh Margulan, Almaty, Kazakhstan., Bereczki Z; Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary., Buzhilova A; Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow, Russia., Changmai P; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia., Chizhevsky AA; Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia., Ciobanu I; Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova., Constantinescu M; Fr. I Rainer Institute of Anthropology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania., Csányi M; Damjanich János Museum, Szolnok, Hungary., Dani J; Department of Archaeology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.; Déri Museum, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary., Dashkovskiy PK; Department of Regional Studies of Russia, National and State-Confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia., Évinger S; Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Anthropology, Budapest, Hungary., Faifert A; Research Institute GAUK RO 'Don Heritage', Rostov-on-Don, Russia., Flegontov PN; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia., Frînculeasa A; Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, Ploiești, Romania., Frînculeasa MN; Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University Valahia of Târgoviște, Târgovişte, Romania., Hajdu T; Eötvös Loránd University (Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary., Higham T; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Jarosz P; Department of Mountain and Highland Archaeology, Institute Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland., Jelínek P; Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic., Khartanovich VI; Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Physical Anthropology, St. Petersburg, Russia., Kirginekov EN; State Autonomous Cultural Institution of the Republic of Khakassia 'Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L.R. Kyzlasova', Republic of Khakassia, Abakan, Russia., Kiss V; Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary., Kitova A; Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia., Kiyashko AV; Department of Archaeology and History of the Ancient World of the Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia., Koledin J; Museum of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia., Korolev A; Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia., Kosintsev P; Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.; Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia., Kulcsár G; Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary., Kuznetsov P; Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia., Magomedov R; Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Dagestan branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Makhachkala. Dagestan, Russia., Malikovich MA; Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh Margulan, Almaty, Kazakhstan., Melis E; Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary., Moiseyev V; Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Physical Anthropology, St. Petersburg, Russia., Molnár E; Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary., Monge J; Independent Researcher, 106 Federal Street, Philadelphia PA, USA., Negrea O; Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, Ploiești, Romania., Nikolaeva NA; Department of General History, Historical and Literary Institute of the State University of Education, Ministry of Education Moscow, Moscow, Russia., Novak M; Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.; Department of Archaeology and Heritage, Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia., Ochir-Goryaeva M; Kalmyk Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, Russia., Pálfi G; Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary., Popovici S; National Agency for Archaeology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova., Rykun MP; National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia., Savenkova TM; V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia., Semibratov VP; Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia., Seregin NN; Laboratory of Ancient and Medieval Archaeology of Eurasia, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia., Šefčáková A; Slovak National Museum-Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic., Serikovna MR; Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh Margulan, Almaty, Kazakhstan., Shingiray I; University of Oxford, Faculty of History, Oxford, United Kingdom., Shirokov VN; Center for Stone Age Archeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia., Simalcsik A; Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova.; Olga Necrasov Centre for Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch, Iași, Romania., Sirak K; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Solodovnikov KN; Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen, Russia., Tárnoki J; Damjanich János Museum, Szolnok, Hungary., Tishkin AA; Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia., Trifonov V; Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia., Vasilyev S; Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia., Akbari A; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Brielle ES; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA., Callan K; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Candilio F; Museo delle Civiltà, Italian Ministry of Culture, Rome, Italy., Cheronet O; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Curtis E; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Flegontova O; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia., Iliev L; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Kearns A; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Keating D; School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Ireland., Lawson AM; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Mah M; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Micco A; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Michel M; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Oppenheimer J; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Qiu L; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Noah Workman J; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Zalzala F; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Szécsényi-Nagy A; Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary., Palamara PF; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Mallick S; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Rohland N; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Pinhasi R; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Reich D; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	BioRxiv : the preprint server for biology [bioRxiv] 2024 Apr 18. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 18.
DOI:	10.1101/2024.04.17.589597
Abstrakt:	The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize the ancestral and geographical origins of the Yamnaya among the diverse Eneolithic people that preceded them, we studied ancient DNA data from 428 individuals of which 299 are reported for the first time, demonstrating three previously unknown Eneolithic genetic clines. First, a "Caucasus-Lower Volga" (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end in Neolithic Armenia, and a steppe northern end in Berezhnovka in the Lower Volga. Bidirectional gene flow across the CLV cline created admixed intermediate populations in both the north Caucasus, such as the Maikop people, and on the steppe, such as those at the site of Remontnoye north of the Manych depression. CLV people also helped form two major riverine clines by admixing with distinct groups of European hunter-gatherers. A "Volga Cline" was formed as Lower Volga people mixed with upriver populations that had more Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry, creating genetically hyper-variable populations as at Khvalynsk in the Middle Volga. A "Dnipro Cline" was formed as CLV people bearing both Caucasus Neolithic and Lower Volga ancestry moved west and acquired Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer (UNHG) ancestry to establish the population of the Serednii Stih culture from which the direct ancestors of the Yamnaya themselves were formed around 4000BCE. This population grew rapidly after 3750-3350BCE, precipitating the expansion of people of the Yamnaya culture who totally displaced previous groups on the Volga and further east, while admixing with more sedentary groups in the west. CLV cline people with Lower Volga ancestry contributed four fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, but also, entering Anatolia from the east, contributed at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where the Hittite language, related to the Indo-European languages spread by the Yamnaya, was spoken. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of the "Proto-Indo-Anatolian" ancestral language of both Anatolian and Indo-European languages can be traced to CLV cline people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE. Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare no competing interests.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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