Different therapeutic approaches in melasma: advances and limitations.

Autor:	Ghasemiyeh P; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Fazlinejad R; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Kiafar MR; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Rasekh S; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Mokhtarzadegan M; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran., Mohammadi-Samani S; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in pharmacology [Front Pharmacol] 2024 Apr 02; Vol. 15, pp. 1337282. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 02 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1337282
Abstrakt:	Melasma is a chronic hyperpigmentation skin disorder that is more common in the female gender. Although melasma is a multifactorial skin disorder, however, sun-exposure and genetic predisposition are considered as the main etiologic factors in melasma occurrence. Although numerous topical and systemic therapeutic agents and also non-pharmacologic procedural treatments have been considered in melasma management, however, the commonly available therapeutic options have several limitations including the lack of sufficient clinical effectiveness, risk of relapse, and high rate of unwanted adverse drug reactions. Recruitment of nanotechnology for topical drug delivery in melasma management can lead to enhanced skin penetration, targeted drug delivery to the site of action, longer deposition at the targeted area, and limit systemic absorption and therefore systemic availability and adverse drug reactions. In the current review, first of all, the etiology, pathophysiology, and severity classification of melasma have been considered. Then, various pharmacologic and procedural therapeutic options in melasma treatment have been discussed. Afterward, the usage of various types of nanoparticles for the purpose of topical drug delivery for melasma management was considered. In the end, numerous clinical studies and controlled clinical trials on the assessment of the effectiveness of these novel topical formulations in melasma management are summarized. Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2024 Ghasemiyeh, Fazlinejad, Kiafar, Rasekh, Mokhtarzadegan and Mohammadi-Samani.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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