| Autor: |
Mills LR; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States., Simmons EM; Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States., Lee H; Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States., Nester E; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States., Kim J; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States., Wisniewski SR; Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States., Pecoraro MV; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States., Chirik PJ; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States. |
| Abstrakt: |
Phenoxyimine (FI)-nickel(II)(2-tolyl)(DMAP) compounds were synthesized and evaluated as precatalysts for the C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 ) Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling of (hetero)arylboronic acids with alkyl bromides. With 5 mol % of the optimal (Me OMe FI)Ni(Aryl)(DMAP) precatalyst, the scope of the cross-coupling reaction was established and included a variety of (hetero)arylboronic acids and alkyl bromides (>50 examples, 33-97% yield). A β-hydride elimination-reductive elimination sequence from reaction with potassium isopropoxide base, yielding a potassium (FI)nickel(0)ate, was identified as a catalyst activation pathway that is responsible for halogen atom abstraction from the alkyl bromide. A combination of NMR and EPR spectroscopies identified (FI)nickel(II)-aryl complexes as the resting state during catalysis with no evidence for long-lived organic radical or odd-electron nickel intermediates. These data establish that the radical chain is short-lived and undergoes facile termination and also support a "recovering radical chain" process whereby the (FI)nickel(II)-aryl compound continually (re)initiates the radical chain. Kinetic studies established that the rate of C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 ) product formation was proportional to the concentration of the (FI)nickel(II)-aryl resting state that captures the alkyl radical for chain propagation. The proposed mechanism involves two key and concurrently operating catalytic cycles; the first involving a nickel(I/II/III) radical propagation cycle consisting of radical capture at (FI)nickel(II)-aryl, C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 ) reductive elimination, bromine atom abstraction from C(sp 3 )-Br, and transmetalation; and the second involving an off-cycle catalyst recovery process by slow (FI)nickel(II)-aryl → (FI)nickel(0)ate conversion for nickel(I) regeneration. |
