Extrahepatic Vitamin K-Dependent Gla-Proteins-Potential Cardiometabolic Biomarkers.

Autor: Galunska B; Department of Biochemistry Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria., Yotov Y; First Department of Internal Diseases, Section Cardiology, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria.; Second Cardiology Clinic, Department of Non-Invasive Cardiology, University Hospital 'St. Marina', 9000 Varna, Bulgaria., Nikolova M; Department of Biochemistry Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria., Angelov A; First Department of Internal Diseases, Section Cardiology, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria.; First Cardiology Clinic with Intensive Cardiology Activity, University Hospital 'St. Marina', 9000 Varna, Bulgaria.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2024 Mar 20; Vol. 25 (6). Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 20.
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063517
Abstrakt: One mechanism to regulate pathological vascular calcification (VC) is its active inhibition. Loss or inactivation of endogenic inhibitors is a major inductor of VC. Such inhibitors are proteins rich in gamma-glutamyl residues (Gla-proteins), whose function strongly depends on vitamin K. The current narrative review is focused on discussing the role of extrahepatic vitamin K-dependent Gla-proteins (osteocalcin, OC; matrix Gla-protein, MGP; Gla-rich protein, GRP) in cardio-vascular pathology. Gla-proteins possess several functionally active forms whose role in the pathogenesis of VC is still unclear. It is assumed that low circulating non-phosphorylated MGP is an indicator of active calcification and could be a novel biomarker of prevalent VC. High circulating completely inactive MGP is proposed as a novel risk factor for cardio-vascular events, disease progression, mortality, and vitamin K deficiency. The ratio between uncarboxylated (ucOC) and carboxylated (cOC) OC is considered as an indicator of vitamin K status indirectly reflecting arterial calcium. Despite the evidence that OC is an important energy metabolic regulator, its role on global cardio-vascular risk remains unclear. GRP acts as a molecular mediator between inflammation and calcification and may emerge as a novel biomarker playing a key role in these processes. Gla-proteins benefit clinical practice as inhibitors of VC, modifiable by dietary factors.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Databáze: MEDLINE
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