Concentration of heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review.

Autor: Alinezhad Z; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Hashemi M; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Tavakoly Sany SB; Department of Health, Safety, Environment Management, School of Health Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: PloS one [PLoS One] 2024 Feb 05; Vol. 19 (2), pp. e0296649. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Feb 05 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296649
Abstrakt: Objective: Although milk and dairy products are almost complete food, they can contain toxic heavy elements with potential hazards for consumers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive report on the occurrence, concentration, and health risks of selected heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk recorded worldwide.
Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was used to develop this systematic review. Databases included the Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, and PubMed from inception until January 2023. Keywords related to the terms "Heavy metals", "Arsenic" and "Pasteurized and sterilized milk" and "Risk Assessment" were used. The potential health risks to human health from milk daily consumption were estimated using extracted data on heavy metals concentration based on metal estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, and carcinogenic risk.
Results: A total of 48 potentially relevant articles with data on 981 milk samples were included in the systematic review. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry were the most common valid methods to measure heavy metals in milk samples. Following the initial evaluation, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb were the most contaminants, which exceeded the maximum permissible criteria in 94%, 67%, 62%, and 46% of the milk samples tested. Relying on target hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk results, milk consumers in 33(68.75%) and 7 (14.5%) studies were exposed to moderate to high levels of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, respectively. The highest level of risk is due to the consumption of pasteurized and sterilized milk detected in Pakistan, Brazil, Egypt, Slovakia, and Turkey.
Conclusion: The elevated levels of heavy metals in milk samples, especially Pb and Cd is a public health concern; therefore, maximum control and strict regulations must be adopted to decrease heavy metals contaminants in the dairy industry. Further studies are required to develop safe milk processing and handling methods for the decontamination of heavy metals in milk and its products.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
(Copyright: © 2024 Alinezhad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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