Multigenerational exposure of Ag materials (nano and salt) in soil - environmental hazards in Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta).

Autor: Santos FCF; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal mjamorim@ua.pt., Verweij RA; Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands., Soares AMVM; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal mjamorim@ua.pt., Scott-Fordsmand JJ; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University C. F. Møllers Alle 4 DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark., van Gestel CAM; Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands., Amorim MJB; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal mjamorim@ua.pt.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Nanoscale advances [Nanoscale Adv] 2023 Nov 22; Vol. 6 (3), pp. 826-831. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Nov 22 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI: 10.1039/d3na00487b
Abstrakt: Because of its properties, silver is among the most used metals both as salt and as nanomaterials (NMs), hence reaching the environment. Multigenerational (MG) exposure testing is scarce, and especially so for NMs and soil invertebrates. In this study the MG effects of Ag NMs (Ag NM300K) and Ag salt (AgNO 3 ) were assessed, using Enchytraeus crypticus in LUFA 2.2 soil. Survival, reproduction and internal Ag concentration in the animals were measured throughout 7 generations (5 generations (F0-F4) in spiked soil plus 2 (F5-F6) in clean soil) exposed to sublethal concentrations corresponding to the reproduction EC 10 and EC 50 obtained in standard toxicity tests (45 and 60 mg Ag per kg soil DW for AgNO 3 ; 20 and 60 mg Ag per kg soil DW for Ag NM300K). MG exposure caused a dose-related decrease in reproduction for both Ag forms. Ag uptake peaked in the F1 (64 days) for AgNO 3 and F2 (96 days) for Ag NM300K, after which it decreased. In agreement with toxicokinetic studies, a maximum body Ag concentration was reached (20 mg Ag per kg body DW (AgNO 3 ) and 70 mg Ag per kg body DW (Ag NM300K)) and after which detoxification mechanisms seem to be activated with elimination of Ag accompanied by a decrease in reproduction. Transfer to clean soil allowed Ag to be (fully) eliminated from the animals. This MG study confirmed the effects determined in standard reproduction toxicity tests but further allowed to monitor the dynamics between exposure and effects of the Ag materials, and how the animals seem to cope with Ag for 7 generations by compensating between detoxification and reproductive output.
Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
(This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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