Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis overlapping neuropathology start in the first two decades of life in pollution exposed urbanites and brain ultrafine particulate matter and industrial nanoparticles, including Fe, Ti, Al, V, Ni, Hg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Ce, La, Pr and W are key players. Metropolitan Mexico City health crisis is in progress.

Autor:	Calderón-Garcidueñas L; Biomedical Sciences, College of Health, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States., Stommel EW; Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States., Torres-Jardón R; Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico., Hernández-Luna J; Radiology Department, HMG, Mexico City, Mexico., Aiello-Mora M; Otorrinolaryngology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico., González-Maciel A; Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico., Reynoso-Robles R; Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico., Pérez-Guillé B; Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico., Silva-Pereyra HG; Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica AC, San Luis Potosi, Mexico., Tehuacanero-Cuapa S; Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico., Rodríguez-Gómez A; Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico., Lachmann I; Roboscreen GmbH, Leipzig, Germany., Galaz-Montoya C; Genetics, GIDP PhD Program, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States., Doty RL; Perelman School of Medicine, Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States., Roy A; Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India., Mukherjee PS; Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in human neuroscience [Front Hum Neurosci] 2024 Jan 12; Vol. 17, pp. 1297467. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 12 (Print Publication: 2023).
DOI:	10.3389/fnhum.2023.1297467
Abstrakt:	The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are present in urban children exposed to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), combustion and friction ultrafine PM (UFPM), and industrial nanoparticles (NPs). Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) forensic autopsies strongly suggest that anthropogenic UFPM and industrial NPs reach the brain through the nasal/olfactory, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and placental barriers. Diesel-heavy unregulated vehicles are a key UFPM source for 21.8 million MMC residents. We found that hyperphosphorylated tau, beta amyloid 1-42 , α-synuclein, and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 were associated with NPs in 186 forensic autopsies (mean age 27.45 ± 11.89 years). The neurovascular unit is an early NPs anatomical target, and the first two decades of life are critical: 100% of 57 children aged 14.8 ± 5.2 years had AD pathology; 25 (43.9%) AD+TDP-43; 11 (19.3%) AD + PD + TDP-43; and 2 (3.56%) AD +PD. Fe, Ti, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Al, Mg, Ag, Ce, La, Pr, W, Ca, Cl, K, Si, S, Na, and C NPs are seen in frontal and temporal lobes, olfactory bulb, caudate, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, medulla, cerebellum, and/or motor cortical and spinal regions. Endothelial, neuronal, and glial damages are extensive, with NPs in mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Autophagy, cell and nuclear membrane damage, disruption of nuclear pores and heterochromatin, and cell death are present. Metals associated with abrasion and deterioration of automobile catalysts and electronic waste and rare earth elements, i.e., lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium, are entering young brains. Exposure to environmental UFPM and industrial NPs in the first two decades of life are prime candidates for initiating the early stages of fatal neurodegenerative diseases. MMC children and young adults-surrogates for children in polluted areas around the world-exhibit early AD, PD, FTLD, and ALS neuropathological hallmarks forecasting serious health, social, economic, academic, and judicial societal detrimental impact. Neurodegeneration prevention should be a public health priority as the problem of human exposure to particle pollution is solvable. We are knowledgeable of the main emission sources and the technological options to control them. What are we waiting for? Competing Interests: IL was employed by Roboscreen GmbH. RD is president and major shareholder of Sen[1]sonics International, a manufacturer and distributor of smell and taste tests. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision. (Copyright © 2024 Calderón-Garcidueñas, Stommel, Torres-Jardón, Hernández-Luna, Aiello-Mora, González-Maciel, Reynoso-Robles, Pérez-Guillé, Silva-Pereyra, Tehuacanero-Cuapa, Rodríguez-Gómez, Lachmann, Galaz-Montoya, Doty, Roy and Mukherjee.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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